College of Medicine Quiz

Knee & Ankle Joints

• The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body.
• It's made of two condylar joints uniting the medial and lateral femoral condyles with the corresponding tibial condyles.
• The patella and patellar surface of the femur form another joint (gliding).
• The fibula isn't directly involved in the knee joint.

Objectives

• Identify the type and articular surfaces of each joint.
• Describe the joint capsule and ligaments of each joint.
• List any bursae associated with each joint and describe their role.
• Detail the important relations of each joint.
• Describe the movements possible for each joint.
• Apply Hilton's law to understand the nerve supply of the joints.

Knee Joint - Articulation

• The rounded femoral condyles articulate with the tibial condyles with their cartilaginous menisci.
• The lower end of the femur articulates with the patella.
• The articular surfaces of the femur, tibia, and patella are covered by hyaline cartilage.

Knee Joint - Anterior View

• The vastus intermedius and lateralis muscles are prominent.
• The iliotibial tract, lateral patellar retinaculum, and lateral femoral condyle are visible.
• The fibular collateral ligament and bursa are located in this view.
• Biceps femoris tendon and bursa are visible.
• The common peroneal nerve and head of the fibula are seen.

Knee Joint-Posterior View

• The medial head of gastrocnemius muscle and the tibial collateral ligament are seen.
• Semimembranosus tendon and bursa are visible.
• The oblique popliteal ligament is highlighted.
• The popliteus muscle is present.

Knee Joint - Capsule

• The capsule surrounds the sides and posterior aspects of the joint.
• It's absent on the front, permitting the synovial membrane to form the suprapatellar bursa under the quadriceps tendon.
• On each side of the patella, the capsule is bolstered by expansions from the vastus lateralis and medialis tendons.
• The capsule is reinforced behind the joint by the oblique popliteal ligament stemming from the semimembranosus muscle.
• An opening in the capsule behind the lateral tibial condyle allows the popliteus tendon to emerge.

Extracapsular Ligaments

• The patellar ligament extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity; it's a continuation of the quadriceps tendon.
• The lateral collateral ligament connects the lateral femoral condyle to the head of the fibula.
• The medial collateral ligament is a flat band, attaching from the medial femoral condyle to the medial tibia and the edge of the medial meniscus.
• The oblique popliteal ligament is a tendon expansion of the semimembranosus muscle, strengthening the posterior aspect of the capsule.

Intracapsular Ligaments

• The cruciate ligaments cross within the joint cavity.
• The anterior cruciate ligament is attached to the intercondylar area of the tibia, curving upward, backward, and laterally to the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle. Prevents posterior displacement of the femur.
• The posterior cruciate ligament is attached to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia, arching upward, forward, and medially to the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle. Prevents anterior displacement of the femur.

Menisci

• C-shaped fibrocartilage structures, deep in the knee joint.
• Their peripheral border is thick, attached to the capsule.
• The inner border is thin, concave, and forms a free edge.
• They articulate with the femoral and tibial condyles to deepen the joint surfaces.

Anterior Bursae

• The suprapatellar bursa is below the quadriceps muscle and communicates with the joint cavity.
• The prepatellar bursa is between the skin and the lower half of the patella, overlying the patellar ligament.
• Superficial infrapatellar bursa is between the skin and the lower patellar ligament.
• Deep infrapatellar bursa is between the patellar ligament and the tibia.

Posterior Bursae

• The popliteal bursa is near the popliteus tendon and communicates with the joint cavity.
• The semimembranosus bursa is related to the semimembranosus muscle insertion, potentially communicating with the joint.

Nerve Supply

• The femoral, obturator, common peroneal, and tibial nerves supply the knee joint.

Knee Movements

• Flexion
• Extension
• Medial Rotation
• Lateral Rotation

Ankle Joint - Formation

• The ankle joint is a deep socket formed by the lower ends of the tibia and fibula.
• The talus' body fits into the socket.
• The talus moves on a transverse axis in a hinge manner.
• The shape of the bones and the strength of ligaments and tendons make this joint strong.

Ankle Joint - Articulation

• The articulation is between the lower end of the tibia, the two malleoli, and the body of the talus.
• The inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament runs between the lateral malleolus and the lower end of the tibia's posterior border, deepening the talus socket.
• The articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage.

Ankle Joint - Ligaments

• The medial (deltoid) ligament is strong, attaching to the medial malleolus, talus, sustentaculum tali, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament and navicular tuberosity.
• The lateral ligament is weaker than the medial, consisting of three bands:
  • Anterior talofibular ligament runs from the lateral malleolus to the lateral talus surface.
  • Calcaneofibular ligament runs from the lateral malleolus to the calcaneum lateral surface.
  • Posterior talofibular ligament runs from the lateral malleolus to the talus posterior tubercle.

Ankle Joint - Nerve Supply

• Deep peroneal and tibial nerves supply the ankle joint.

Ankle Joint - Movements

• Dorsiflexion
• Plantar Flexion
• Inversion
• Eversion

Ankle Joint - Relations

• Anteriorly: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, anterior tibial vessels, deep peroneal nerve, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius
• Posteriorly: Tendo calcaneus and plantaris
• Posterolaterally: Peroneus longus and brevis
• Posteromedially: Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial vessels, tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus

Hilton's Law

• The capsule and ligaments of a joint receive abundant sensory nerve supply.
• A sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the said joint and the skin overlying muscle insertions.

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to faculty roles, course identification, and knee joint anatomy within a College of Medicine context. This quiz covers academic structures, typical faculty responsibilities, and anatomical specifics. Perfect for students in medical disciplines.