Sarcopenia and Middle Adulthood Insights

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Questions and Answers

According to Piasecki et al. (2018), what is a potential cause of sarcopenia in the legs?

  • Detachment of leg muscles from the nervous system. (correct)
  • Increased blood flow to leg muscles.
  • A reduction in exercise.
  • Increased nerve growth in leg muscles.

What is a potential strategy, according to Piasecki et al. (2018), to slow the progression of sarcopenia?

  • Encouraging new nerve growth through exercise (correct)
  • Restricting physical movement
  • Reducing nerve growth
  • Increasing sedentary behavior

Compared to their early 20s, approximately how many fewer nerve endings might a person aged 75 have in their leg muscles?

  • 20-30% fewer
  • 30-60% fewer (correct)
  • 70-80% fewer
  • 10-20% fewer

What is sarcopenia primarily characterized by?

<p>Loss of muscle tissue and function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hippocrates emphasize regarding physical activity around 400 BCE?

<p>The importance of avoiding a sedentary lifestyle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a physical change associated with middle adulthood?

<p>Increase in nerve endings in leg muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory discusses how shifting time perspectives alter emotional and social priorities?

<p>Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What model explains how people maintain their quality of life in middle adulthood through adapting to changes?

<p>Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sarcopenia was officially recognized as a disease entity in which year?

<p>2016 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteosarcopenia?

<p>The decline of both muscle and bone tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by:

<p>The body's immune system attacking normal synovial fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peak onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in women is commonly believed to occur at what age?

<p>Early 40s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A temporary remission of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy suggests that:

<p>Hormonal changes may play a significant role. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Around what age do humans typically reach peak bone mass?

<p>35-40 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteoporosis is often associated with women due to:

<p>Menopause-related bone loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of osteoporosis?

<p>It's a 'silent disease' until a fracture occurs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research by Adami et al. (2018), what is the link between exercise and the brain?

<p>Weight bearing exercise is linked to neuron production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of inflammation in the body?

<p>To eliminate the initial cause of injury and initiate tissue repair. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic inflammation has been implicated in:

<p>A variety of conditions, including dementia and muscle loss. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical physiological change in middle adulthood?

<p>Improved hearing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is presbyopia?

<p>Age-related loss of ability to focus on close objects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of presbycusis?

<p>The loss or damage of nerve hair cells inside the cochlea. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much bone mass can women lose per year, after menopause?

<p>5-10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a contributing factor to hearing loss?

<p>Low blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological change associated with otosclerosis that leads to hearing impairment?

<p>Rigidity of the stapes bone due to abnormal growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of the slowing of metabolism during midlife?

<p>Weight gain, sometimes referred to as the middle-aged spread (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT mentioned as a typical symptom of menopause?

<p>Increased interest in sexual activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the median age range for a woman's last menstrual period?

<p>50-52 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the findings by Saint-Maurice et al (2019) suggest about starting an exercise program in midlife?

<p>It can provide comparable health benefits to starting in young adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is a primary cause of hearing loss in childhood?

<p>Exposure to loud sounds via headphones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of decreased estrogen levels on the vagina during menopause?

<p>Thinner, less elastic vaginal wall with decreased and more watery lubrication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is most susceptible to otosclerosis?

<p>White women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of hearing is typically the first to be affected by hearing loss?

<p>High frequency sounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary biological change associated with the climacteric in women?

<p>A decrease in the body's production of estrogen and progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strategy to maintain earlier physique during midlife?

<p>Increasing level of exercise, eating less, watching nutrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a lifestyle factor mentioned that can negatively impact the health of midlife adults?

<p>Engaging in challenging physical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor most strongly influences the severity and experience of menopausal symptoms?

<p>Cultural expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding disability rates during midlife, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Disability rates rise through midlife, especially for those from lower socioeconomic status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of people living with HIV are aged 50 or over?

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides avoiding unwanted pregnancy, what other main benefit does practicing safe sex have?

<p>Protecting against STDs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of regular exercise?

<p>Decreased metabolism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason why many people stop exercising soon after they begin?

<p>Being very overweight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily sodium intake to maintain a healthy diet?

<p>Less than 2300 mg. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of cholesterol to maintain a healthy diet?

<p>Less than 300 mg. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are high starch diets considered problematic?

<p>They are converted to sugar in the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit associated with moderate red wine consumption?

<p>Increasing HDL cholesterol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when do reliable decrements in psychometric abilities typically begin?

<p>Prior to age 60. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by cognitive mechanics according to the text?

<p>Processing speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary cognitive abilities that tends to decline during middle adulthood?

<p>Fluid intelligence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Mediterranean diet' emphasize?

<p>Plant-based foods and healthy fats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common experience for women in Western cultures during menopause?

<p>Experiencing hot flashes in approximately 75% of cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as one of the benefits of red wine?

<p>Increases Vitamin D levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a key element in how women respond to menopause?

<p>The expectations they hold for themselves and their lives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element in successful aging?

<p>Aggressively maintaining cognitive and physical health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Singh-Maoux et al (2012), when can small but significant cognitive declines begin?

<p>As early as age 45. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common misconception when a woman's age is around that of menopause is that:

<p>Their frustrations are due to menopause and deserve no attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern associated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women?

<p>Increased risk of breast cancer, stroke, and blood clots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended non-pharmaceutical method to reduce menopausal symptoms?

<p>Eating foods like soy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common physical change during menopause due to altered estrogen levels?

<p>Redistribution of fat to the stomach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is accumulation of visceral fat considered more dangerous than subcutaneous fat?

<p>Visceral fat is within the abdominal cavity and surrounds internal organs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the concept of andropause?

<p>A gradual decline in testosterone levels and related symptoms in men (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medical condition may sometimes cause low testosterone levels in men (besides age)?

<p>Glandular disease, like testicular cancer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a debate around declining testosterone levels in men, according to the content?

<p>Because it is not solely due to individual physiological makeup, but rather generational shifts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements regarding sex and aging is correct?

<p>Midlife adults tend to have sex lives very similar to that of younger adulthood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes to sexual experience is more likely to occur in men over 65?

<p>Changes in their erections from time to time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a common cause of sexual problems in men?

<p>Increased testosterone levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should couples be aware of regarding pregnancy risk as they age?

<p>Risk of pregnancy continues until a woman has been without menstruation for 12 months. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in older adults?

<p>Older adults are at a higher risk for contracting STIs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do studies on interpersonal problem-solving suggest about older adults?

<p>They use more effective strategies than younger adults. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do older workers often compensate for potential cognitive decline in the workplace?

<p>By relying on previously developed expertise and efficient strategies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Nunes and Kramer (2009) study on air traffic controllers reveal about older controllers on job-related tasks?

<p>They performed largely the same as younger controllers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is tacit knowledge?

<p>Knowledge based on life experience that is difficult to describe or codify. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what distinguishes an expert from a novice in performing a particular task?

<p>Ability to perform tasks intuitively, fluidly, and with flexibility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of expert thought, according to the content?

<p>Following strict step-by-step instructions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, why do many people see the peak of their careers in middle adulthood?

<p>Because they have gained a lot of experience and expertise by this lifestage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how do experts tend to approach new challenges in their area of expertise?

<p>They tend to be curious and experiment with new ideas and procedures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Blanchflower & Oswald (2008) find regarding reported levels of unhappiness and depressive symptoms?

<p>They peak in the early 50s for men, and late 30s for women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, when is minimum happiness reported for both men and women in Western Europe?

<p>Around the mid-40s. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend does the content suggest about reported stress levels, particularly in men in the U.S. after their early 50s?

<p>They experience a precipitous drop after this age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible reason that 'older people' (50+)may be happier, despite some cognitive and functional losses?

<p>They have gained a store of experience/ knowledge and expertise, and are more able to deal with challenges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that can offset a decline in fluid intelligence, according to the content?

<p>Specific knowledge or expertise acquired over time (crystallized intelligence). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of air traffic controllers, what was a major difference between the U.S. and Canada discussed in the text?

<p>The mandatory retirement age and the allowed training age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by Nunes and Kramer (2009) reveal about older non-controllers in comparison to older controllers?

<p>They had significant deficits in comparison to older controllers on all tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gottman, which of the following communication patterns is considered the strongest indicator of a failing relationship?

<p>Stonewalling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why some couples choose to remain child-free?

<p>To prioritize their relationship and personal interests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered one of Gottman's "marriage killers"?

<p>Compromise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for the "boomerang generation"?

<p>25-34 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential positive outcome of boomerang children returning home?

<p>Strengthened family bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why adults stay in abusive relationships, according to the text?

<p>Acceptance of abuse as a normal part of relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that shapes the transition from a child-centered family to an adult-centered family?

<p>The children's transition to adulthood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range when someone starts seeing themselves as no longer a 'kid' after their parents pass away, as mentioned in the text?

<p>40s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of marital communication does Gottman emphasize as crucial for a successful marriage?

<p>The ability to negotiate differences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural group is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as having a traditional expectation of adult children taking care of aging parents?

<p>African (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is the primary reason why kinkeepers are often midlife daughters?

<p>Traditional gender roles dictate women are the primary organizers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a perpetual problem in a marriage, as defined by Gottman?

<p>Problems that are a source of ongoing conflict within the marriage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sandwich generation is characterized by a group of people who are primarily responsible for:

<p>Raising their own children and caring for their aging parents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason why some adult children struggle to transition to independence?

<p>Limited job market opportunities and affordability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common characteristic shared by abusers, according to the text?

<p>Mental illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative impact of boomerang children living at home?

<p>Reduced individual agency and responsibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of child abuse?

<p>Improved academic performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential reason why children might return home to live with their parents after moving out?

<p>Desire for increased independence and autonomy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples of abuse is NOT mentioned in the text?

<p>Financial abuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of negative relationships?

<p>Limited social support networks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the failure to provide for a child's basic physical or emotional needs?

<p>Neglect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the statement "marriage is about constant negotiation rather than conflict resolution"?

<p>Conflict is unavoidable, but learning to negotiate is key. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'Happy Healthy Families' section of the text?

<p>The importance of family support in promoting overall well-being (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential positive outcome of children leaving home?

<p>Greater intimacy and connection between couples. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why some parents may experience sadness upon their adult children leaving home?

<p>A sense of emptiness and loneliness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a key contributing factor to the increase in multigenerational homes around the world?

<p>Financial constraints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why people become abusers?

<p>Lack of education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do attitudes toward one's parents potentially change over time?

<p>Children become more accepting and forgiving. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role played by kinkeepers in families, as described in the text?

<p>Organizing family events and communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common belief among adults who stay in abusive relationships?

<p>The abuser will eventually change their behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical response of children who have experienced abuse, according to the text?

<p>Improved emotional regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term consequence of child abuse on brain development?

<p>Suppression of immune responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conflict described in Erikson's theory during middle adulthood?

<p>Generativity vs. Stagnation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Levinson's stage-crisis view, which age range is associated with the Midlife Transition?

<p>40-45 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does generativity primarily focus on according to Erikson?

<p>Establishing and guiding the next generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential feeling associated with stagnation in Erikson's theory?

<p>Lethargy and lack of involvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Levinson identify as crucial in the reappraisal occurring during the midlife transition?

<p>Consolidation of previous achievements and goals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Levinson's study on middle adulthood primarily lack, according to the content provided?

<p>Diverse cultural perspectives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory, what virtue is gained upon successfully resolving the conflict of Generativity vs. Stagnation?

<p>Care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Levinson's findings regarding women emphasized a split between which two orientations?

<p>Occupational and familial roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Erikson use to describe severe stagnation?

<p>Rejectivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does generativity involve besides parenthood according to modern interpretations?

<p>Creativity and productivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which life stage does Levinson categorize the transition as involving profound change and questioning?

<p>Middle adulthood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonly held misconception regarding midlife crises according to the content?

<p>It occurs to a majority of people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of epigenesis in Erikson’s theory refer to?

<p>The progressive nature of development influenced by context and environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Papernow (2018), what is a key factor that can exacerbate the challenges in later-life stepfamilies compared to those with younger children?

<p>The longer duration of previous relationships that have had time to solidify. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a commitment to a 'belief in the species' imply in the context of generativity?

<p>A broader concern for future generations and society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common challenge identified by Papernow regarding stepparents in later-life stepfamilies?

<p>Stepparents frequently feel like outsiders in relation to the parent-child relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary issue that adult stepchildren may face when their parents form stepfamilies in later life?

<p>Navigating new dynamics, status, and loyalty issues within family gatherings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the involvement of ex-spouses tend to affect children, even adult children, in stepfamilies?

<p>It often worsens the situation, particularly if conflict exists between ex-spouses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might differing views between parents and stepparents on parenting styles manifest in later-life stepfamilies?

<p>Stepparents often seek more discipline and are viewed as harsher, while parents tend to seek more understanding and appear as the pushover. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of emotion-related goals in aging?

<p>Emotion regulation and immediate satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Selection, Optimization, Compensation (SOC) model emphasize?

<p>Adjusting goals and utilizing resources effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant shift related to the Baltes' view on aging?

<p>Valuing both losses and gains in the aging process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of individuals who score high on agreeableness?

<p>Helpful and empathetic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the SOC model view aging in terms of individual engagement?

<p>Sustained individual engagement is crucial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does high neuroticism indicate about a person's emotional state?

<p>They often feel anxious and unhappy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major conclusion about personality changes in adulthood from the Five Factor Model?

<p>There can be normative changes in personality traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is characterized by imagination and a wide range of interests?

<p>Openness to experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is associated with agreeableness in the Five Factor Model?

<p>Compassion and cooperativeness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between conscientiousness and academic success based on numerous studies?

<p>Positive correlation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'resiliency' relate to in the context of aging?

<p>Balancing losses and gains throughout life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aging typically affect levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness?

<p>Increase with age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does optimization focus on within the SOC model?

<p>Making the best use of available resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about subjective age is accurate?

<p>Individuals generally feel younger than their chronological age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Big Five personality traits does neuroticism represent?

<p>Emotional Stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the hard plaster hypothesis regarding personality stability?

<p>Personality traits are fixed after age thirty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Carl Jung's concept of the 'shadow side' refer to?

<p>The manifestation of hidden extroverted traits in introverts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Five Factor Model, which trait relates to self-discipline and organization?

<p>Conscientiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the changing roles of men and women across generations?

<p>Societal expectations are less stereotypical, allowing changes in roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes individuals with high levels of openness in the Five Factor Model?

<p>Curiosity and a wide range of interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does subjective aging relate to self-perceptions of aging?

<p>It reflects positive self-perceptions and can enhance well-being (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age period may be better described as 'midlife crisis and recovery'?

<p>40-65 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the SOC process entail when individuals face cognitive changes with aging?

<p>Compensating and adjusting strategies effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of changes do longitudinal studies indicate about adult personality traits?

<p>Changes are highly individualized and correlate with life events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is health correlated with self-acceptance of aging based on research?

<p>Self-acceptance leads to higher reported well-being and better health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is social isolation particularly harmful to health in the context of aging?

<p>It leads to emotional stagnation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept emphasizes the importance of adaptability to changes in one's physical capacity as one ages?

<p>Subjective age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant tasks of the midlife transition?

<p>Reassessing life in the present (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In midlife, how do people's perceptions of age typically change?

<p>They emphasize how young they are. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) primarily focus on?

<p>Shifting time perspectives affecting motivations and goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is LEAST likely to be a protective factor against divorce?

<p>Having children before marriage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feeling commonly accompanies greater awareness of aging during midlife?

<p>A sense of urgency to fulfill dreams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of self is typically reconciled during midlife?

<p>Polarities or contradictions in one's sense of self (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what percentage of marriages in the United States end in divorce?

<p>Slightly below 50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by mortality salience in socioemotional selectivity theory?

<p>The realization of life’s finitude and its impact on priorities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for families to increase happiness?

<p>Discouraging open communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the 'gray divorce revolution'?

<p>A doubling of divorce rates for those aged 50-64 between 1990 and 2010. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do shifts in goals typically manifest as people age?

<p>A preference for present-oriented and emotionally meaningful goals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a predictor for increased risk of divorce?

<p>Serial cohabitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism has been made regarding Levinson's findings on midlife?

<p>The sample size used for his conclusions was too small. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does socio-emotional selectivity theory suggest about how people change their priorities in midlife?

<p>People place more value on present experiences and relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral change might accompany dissatisfaction at midlife?

<p>Ending a relationship or adjusting expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding divorce rates in the US?

<p>Divorce rates decreased during the 1980s and 1990s before climbing again to just below 50%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to SST, what happens as individuals perceive their future as more limited?

<p>They prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor would be MOST likely to make a marriage less likely to end in divorce?

<p>Having strong religious views that do not support divorce (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory suggest about individuals' social networks as they age?

<p>They are systematically narrowed to satisfy emotional needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might characterize the developmental period of midlife according to Levinson?

<p>An opportunity for deep personal reflection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a recommended strategy for parents to help children cope with a divorce?

<p>Reassuring children that both parents will continue to love them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a recent trend in household compositions in the U.S.?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional processing change is associated with aging according to SST?

<p>A relative preference for positive information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At midlife, how do people typically view their sense of fulfillment?

<p>It is often reassessed and pursued actively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about the number of single-person households in Europe relative to the USA?

<p>They often exceed 40%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what proportion of Americans over 18 are unmarried?

<p>Around 45% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the current trend in marriage rates in relation to educational attainment?

<p>Marriage is increasingly correlated with higher levels of education and socioeconomic status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do remarriages compare to first marriages in terms of divorce rates?

<p>Remarriages are about 2.5 times more likely to end in divorce than first marriages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the strategies recommended to increase family well-being and happiness?

<p>Emotional growth, communication, and moral development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of relationship is most likely to contribute to an individual's happiness?

<p>A confidante that you can trust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of researchers when they investigate the concept of intimacy?

<p>Intimate romantic relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has proven to have a significant impact on happiness in marriage according to research?

<p>Marital quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to subjective well-being after several years of marriage?

<p>It gradually declines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adverse events impact subjective well-being in contrast to marriage?

<p>Their effect can be stronger than positive effects of marriage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs to marital satisfaction as one approaches the birth of a first child?

<p>It declines significantly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which relationship type entails more relaxed interactions and true feelings?

<p>Intimate relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional consequence may arise from staying in a problematic marriage?

<p>Emotional toll leading to depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about marriage and happiness?

<p>Getting married guarantees happiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Throughout the life cycle, marital satisfaction experiences:

<p>Regular peaks and valleys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional trend has been observed following significant life events like marriage?

<p>Return to a set happiness point over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect of relationships can having a single confidante be more beneficial than having a larger circle?

<p>Authenticity and trust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of formal relationships as outlined in the research?

<p>Bound by rules of politeness and self-control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Japan and Germany, how do one-person households compare to those with children under 18?

<p>One-person households are double the number of households with children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Pew Research Center (2014), what percentage of divorced individuals aged 55-64 had remarried?

<p>67% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the popularity of remarriage differ between men and women in middle and later adulthood?

<p>Remarriage is more popular with men, with the gender gap growing substantially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an issue that couples may fail to address before remarriage?

<p>Conflicting views in how to raise children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate divorce rate for second marriages?

<p>In excess of 60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Brown et al (2019), what is a preference of men in the context of remarriage?

<p>Men prefer younger women in remarriage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor most significantly contributes to a shrinking pool of potential partners for women seeking remarriage?

<p>The age preference of men, coupled with women's longer life expectancy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the speed of repartnering relate to long-term single status, according to research?

<p>Those who repartner do so quickly, while long-term singles are likely to remain so. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason why people who have remarried might divorce more quickly than those in first marriages?

<p>They tend to have fewer constraints on staying married. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been shown to increase a man's likelihood of remarrying, but may reduce the likelihood for women?

<p>Education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'marriage gradient'?

<p>The expectation that in couples, men are supposed to have more education than women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Pew Research (2015) what percentage of Italian parents report an adult child residing with them most of the year?

<p>60% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT given as a common issue within blended families?

<p>Clear roles and responsibilities within the family unit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is increasing the likelihood of adults encountering older children of their new partners in the home?

<p>The rise of 'gray divorces', coupled with more adult children living at home. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'boomerang generation' in the context of remarriage?

<p>Adult children who move back in with their parents after divorce. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Julian Rotter's work, what is the core difference between individuals with internal and external loci of control?

<p>Their belief in whether they control their life outcomes or are controlled by external forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?

<p>Fluid intelligence decreases with age, while crystallized intelligence increases with age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'neuroplasticity' as it relates to cognitive aging?

<p>The brain's ability to reorganize and adapt existing neural connections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cognitive tasks that tend to show a decline in performance with age?

<p>Tasks requiring self-initiated retrieval of information without cues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that older typists compensate for age-related declines in typing speed?

<p>By looking further ahead at printed text. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'inhibitory functioning' refer to in the context of cognitive aging?

<p>The ability to focus on pertinent information while ignoring irrelevant information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a task that relies primarily on crystallized intelligence?

<p>Completing a vocabulary test. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'neurogenesis' refer to in the context of brain function?

<p>The brain’s ability to generate new neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does working memory change with age?

<p>It becomes less efficient at simultaneously storing and using information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a person's belief in their control over life outcomes have on their psychological test results?

<p>Those with an internal locus of control tend to have better results on psychological tests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Researchers have found that older chess experts often achieve greater cognitive efficiency compared to younger players by:

<p>Focusing on a smaller, more relevant set of possible moves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the effect of the learning/experience process on cognitive performance tests?

<p>Cognitive performance tests often fail to account for the fact that more information to process slows down processing in both computers and humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of aging on processing speed according to the text?

<p>Processing speed typically declines with age, which can affect overall performance on cognitive tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do studies show about the effect of an internal locus of control on people over time?

<p>Belief in control declines with age, however, there is individual variation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the research, which cognitive ability is generally observed to have a continuous decrease from a person's twenties?

<p>Fluid intelligence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation for older workers continuing to work, that has been empirically supported by research?

<p>Desire to pass on skills and experience, leading to mentoring opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that influences the quality of relationships among coworkers?

<p>Degree of flexibility and autonomy at work (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of having a supportive supervisor on employees, according to the text?

<p>Enhanced sense of well-being and job satisfaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the modern workplace that midlife workers need to adapt to?

<p>Prevalence of remote work and technological advancement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key finding related to the relationship between age and job satisfaction?

<p>Job satisfaction increases with age, especially in long-term positions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of research findings about the impact of subjective aging on life expectancy?

<p>Negative perceptions of aging can significantly reduce longevity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of research on Awareness of Age Related Change (AARC)?

<p>Understanding how people's perceptions of aging affect their health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a contributing factor to greater psychological distress at work?

<p>Unrealistic expectations or demands from coworkers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea conveyed by the socio-emotional selectivity theory?

<p>Individuals prioritize close relationships and meaningful activities as they age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increasing importance of positive work relationships in midlife?

<p>The need for support and connection as people age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of menopause mentioned in the text?

<p>Bone loss and increased risk of osteoporosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential strategy for maintaining a healthy lifestyle in midlife, according to the text?

<p>Staying engaged in work and maintaining social connections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the aging workforce, as presented in the text?

<p>Organizations are unprepared for the challenges of an aging workforce (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary argument made in the text regarding the potential benefits of continuing to work in midlife?

<p>Maintaining a sense of purpose and engagement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the research by Fitzpatrick & Moore (2018) regarding retirement?

<p>Retirement leads to an increased risk of mortality in older adults (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sarcopenia

The decline in muscle tissue and function that occurs with age, often leading to weakness and difficulty with movement.

Leg muscle detachment from the nervous system

Refers to the loss of nerve connections to leg muscles, contributing to sarcopenia. This can happen as we age and affects our ability to move our legs.

Exercise's impact on sarcopenia

Regular physical activity can stimulate the growth of new nerve fibers, potentially reversing or slowing down sarcopenia. This helps your brain communicate with your muscles.

Nerve ending decline with age

The number of nerve endings in leg muscles may decrease significantly by the age of 75 compared to early adulthood.

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Sedentary lifestyle and sarcopenia

Reduced physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to the development of sarcopenia.

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Importance of exercise

The importance of regular exercise for maintaining physical health and well-being.

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Sedentary lifestyle

A state of being inactive, often characterized by sitting or lying down for prolonged periods.

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Physical mobility

The ability to move around and participate in physical activities.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A disease affecting the joints, causing inflammation and pain. It's the third most common type of arthritis. It's more common in women and often starts in the early 40s.

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Osteoporosis

A condition where bone density decreases, making bones more brittle and prone to fractures. It's often associated with women due to the decline in estrogen levels after menopause.

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Osteosarcopenia

A condition characterized by a combined decline in both muscle mass and bone density. It's a major concern for older adults.

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Chronic Inflammation

A state of prolonged inflammation occurring without a clear cause. It can contribute to various health issues, including muscle loss and chronic diseases.

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Presbyopia

The process of the lens of the eye losing its flexibility, making it hard to adjust focus for close-up vision. It's a common age-related change.

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Presbycusis

A type of hearing loss associated with aging. It's caused by damage to hair cells in the inner ear.

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Middle Adulthood

The period in life between 30 and 60 years of age. It often includes significant physiological changes, including changes in bone density, muscle mass, and joint health.

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Inflammation

The body's natural response to injury or harmful pathogens. It's designed to eliminate harmful elements and initiate repair.

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Voluntary Physical Activity (VPA)

Physical activity that is intentional and controlled, such as walking, running, or weightlifting.

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Mobility

The capacity to move around freely and independently. It's essential for maintaining quality of life and independence.

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Brain

The central processing unit of the body that receives and processes information, and sends signals to other parts of the body.

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Central Nervous System

A system of nerves that allows the brain to communicate with other parts of the body.

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Neurogenesis

The ability of the brain to produce new neurons, even in adulthood.

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Weight-Bearing Exercise

Weight-bearing exercises that put stress on bones, such as walking, running, and weight training.

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Otosclerosis

A condition affecting the middle ear, causing the stapes bone to harden and restrict vibration, leading to hearing impairment. This is often described as a rare condition but affects a significant number of Americans.

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Climacteric

A biological change that occurs during midlife, characterized by changes in hormone levels leading to a decrease in reproductive ability for both men and women.

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Menopause

The point in a woman's life when her ovaries stop releasing eggs and estrogen production significantly decreases. This marks the end of a woman's reproductive capabilities.

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Cilia

The tiny sensory hairs located within the cochlea of the inner ear. Prolonged exposure to loud noises can damage these hairs, resulting in hearing loss.

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Transitional Menstruations

The process of a woman's menstrual cycle becoming irregular and eventually ceasing altogether following menopause.

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Metabolism

The amount of time it takes for the body to burn calories and convert food into energy. This slows down significantly in midlife, leading to potential weight gain.

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Hot Flashes

Experiences that involve feelings of intense heat, often accompanied by sweating, particularly affecting women during menopause. These are caused by hormonal shifts, primarily estrogen.

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Vaginal Dryness

A condition characterized by dryness and thinning of the vaginal walls, often occurring as a consequence of menopause. This can lead to discomfort during sexual activity.

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Middle-Aged Spread

The accumulation of fat, particularly in the abdominal region, that frequently occurs during midlife. This is often attributed to the slowing of metabolism and reduced physical activity.

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Sense of Mastery

The ability to maintain control and a sense of mastery over one's life, often associated with improved physical and mental health during midlife.

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Social Resources

The use of resources, such as social networks, support groups, and community services, to enhance well-being and address challenges.

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Transitional Menstruations

Experiences during midlife that involve changes in menstruation, including shorter or longer cycles and bleeding between periods. This is part of the normal transition to menopause.

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Calorie needs with age

The gradual decrease in the number of calories a person needs as they age.

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Mediterranean Diet

A dietary approach emphasizing plant-based foods, healthy fats, nuts, fish in moderation, and limited red meat.

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Cognitive Health

The ability to maintain cognitive function (thinking, learning, memory) as we age.

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Cognitive Decline

The natural decline in mental processing speed that occurs with age.

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Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS)

A study examining the changes in cognitive abilities across the lifespan.

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Midlife in the United States Studies (MIDUS)

A research project investigating the cognitive, physical, and social aspects of midlife.

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Personal Control Beliefs

The belief that one has control over their life and can influence outcomes.

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Emotional Regulation

The ability to regulate emotions effectively and deal with stress.

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Cognitive Exercise

The concept that exercise can have a positive impact on cognitive function and health.

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Exercise and Aging

Maintaining a physically active lifestyle, which can help prevent age-related decline.

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Muscle Building

The process of building muscle, which is important for maintaining strength and function as we age.

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High Fiber Diet

The process of consuming a diet rich in fiber, which can support digestive health and reduce the risk of certain diseases.

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Andropause

The condition that occurs in men due to declining testosterone levels, resulting in symptoms like decreased libido, loss of muscle mass, and erectile dysfunction.

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Visceral Fat

A type of fat located within the abdominal cavity, surrounding vital organs like the liver and intestines. It is associated with increased health risks compared to subcutaneous fat.

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Subcutaneous Fat

Fat found just beneath the skin. It is generally considered less harmful than visceral fat.

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Low Testosterone

A condition characterized by low testosterone levels in men, resulting in symptoms like reduced libido, fatigue, and mood changes.

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy

A medical treatment option for men with low testosterone levels, involving the administration of synthetic testosterone.

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The Climacteric

The naturally occurring process of aging and hormonal changes in women, leading to the end of their reproductive years.

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Erectile Dysfunction

The condition that occurs when men experience difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection. It can be caused by various factors, including low testosterone, medical conditions, and psychological issues.

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Water-Based Lubricant

A type of lubricant used for sexual intercourse, particularly helpful during menopause as vaginal lubrication may decrease.

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Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)

A type of therapy that aims to relieve menopausal symptoms by replacing estrogen levels.

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Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

A form of therapy that aims to address menopausal symptoms by replacing various hormones, including estrogen and progesterone.

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Soy

A compound found in soy products that may have estrogen-like effects and is sometimes used to help alleviate menopausal symptoms.

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Normalizing Menopause

A type of medical practice that focuses on normalizing and managing physiological changes, rather than pathologizing them. In the context of menopause, it involves recognizing and addressing the natural changes women experience without unnecessary medical interventions.

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Pathologizing Menopause

The practice of viewing menopausal symptoms or conditions as medical pathologies or diseases, often leading to unnecessary medical interventions.

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Interpersonal Problem Solving in Adulthood

The ability to solve social and emotional problems effectively, which tends to improve with age.

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Crystallized Intelligence

A type of intelligence that relies on accumulated knowledge and experience, which often increases throughout adulthood.

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Fluid Intelligence

A type of intelligence that involves quick thinking, problem-solving, and adapting to new situations, which may decline with age.

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Tacit Knowledge

The idea that individuals have vast amounts of practical knowledge gained through life experiences, but often find it difficult to articulate.

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Expertise

Specialized knowledge and skills acquired through extensive practice and experience.

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Novice

Someone with limited experience in a particular task or field.

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Intuitive Expertise

An expert's ability to perform tasks intuitively and effortlessly, without relying on rigid instructions.

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Automatic Expertise

The state of being able to perform actions automatically, without conscious effort, due to extensive practice.

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Strategic Expertise

Experts often use more effective strategies than novices to solve problems, often utilizing shortcuts and specialized approaches.

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Flexible Expertise

Experts are willing to experiment with new ideas and approaches, while still being grounded in their core knowledge.

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Problem Solving in Middle Adulthood

The idea that as we gain experience, we are more likely to recognize patterns and apply existing knowledge to solve problems efficiently.

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Career Peaks in Middle Adulthood

The period of middle adulthood often coincides with career advancement and reaching peak performance in professional fields.

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Unhappiness in Middle Adulthood

The period in our lives around the ages of 50 for men and 40 for women, where reported levels of happiness and satisfaction are typically at their lowest.

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Midlife Happiness

The perception that older adults (50+) may be more content and satisfied with their lives than younger individuals.

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Internal locus of control

People who believe their actions largely determine their life outcomes. They feel in control.

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External locus of control

People who believe external factors mainly shape their life outcomes. They feel less in control.

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Working memory

The ability to simultaneously store and process information. This capacity decreases with age, leading to reduced multitasking abilities.

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Inhibitory functioning

The ability to focus on specific information while ignoring distractions. It can decline with age, making it harder to concentrate.

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Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to adapt and change its structure based on experiences. This contributes to learning and memory.

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Recall memory

The process of retrieving information from memory without cues, such as recalling names or events.

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Recognition memory

The process of recognizing information from a set of options, like multiple-choice questions.

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Implicit memory

The ability to remember things without conscious effort, like knowing how to ride a bike.

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Explicit memory

The ability to consciously recall facts and events, like remembering a historical date.

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Self-initiated, effortful processing

Cognitive tasks that require effortful processing and lack supportive memory cues. These tasks often show age-related decline.

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Cognitive compensation

Strategies that help people compensate for age-related cognitive declines, like using experience or environmental cues.

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Ramscar et al (2014) argument

The notion that increased knowledge and experience can lead to slower information processing, even in computers.

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Positive Aging

A state of mental and emotional well-being marked by continued growth, engagement, and a sense of purpose in life, even in later years.

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Epigenesis

Erikson's concept that development is a continuous process, where each stage builds upon the previous stage and involves its own crisis.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

The seventh stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory, encompassing the period between ages 40-65, where adults focus on contributing to society and leaving a lasting legacy.

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Generativity

The motivation to contribute to the well-being of future generations through acts of care, guidance, and mentorship.

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Stagnation

A feeling of apathy, disengagement, and lack of purpose in life, often marked by a lack of involvement in both individual and communal affairs.

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Generativity as an Investment

A selfish act, as theorized by John Kotre, where generativity is seen as a way to extend one's legacy and outlive the self through meaningful contributions.

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Stage-Crisis View

A model of adult development proposing distinct periods or 'seasons' of life, each having a stable phase and a transitional phase, with the potential for significant change and re-evaluation during the transition.

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Midlife Transition

A period of significant change and re-evaluation typically occurring between the ages of 40-45, according to Levinson's theory, where individuals take stock of their lives and make adjustments to their goals, commitments, and priorities.

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Midlife Crisis

Levinson's theory that middle adulthood is characterized by a profound crisis, requiring a reevaluation of one's goals and achievements, leading to potential changes in life path.

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Social Identity Formation

A life-long process of forming and understanding one's social identity, shaped by personal experiences, societal expectations, and cultural influences.

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The Dream

A vision for one's future, according to Levinson, often formed around a specific occupation or role, and heavily influenced by societal expectations.

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The Split Dream

A split or tension in women's dreams, as described by Levinson, caused by the competing societal expectations of career success and traditional roles of wife/mother.

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Taking Stock

The process of evaluating one's life experiences, assessing achievements and contributions, and reevaluating goals and priorities in the context of advancing age.

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Life Course

The period of life as a whole, encompassing all the stages of development, characterized by its unique challenges and opportunities.

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Self-Satisfaction

A person's sense of well-being and overall satisfaction with their life, often influenced by their relationships, achievements, and personal experiences.

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Emotion-Related Goals

Aimed at emotion regulation, emotionally gratifying interactions, and short-term benefits.

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Paradox of Aging

The idea that despite physical declines, well-being increases after age 50 due to prioritizing emotional satisfaction.

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SST (Socioemotional Selectivity Theory)

Greater selectivity in social connections, rather than isolation, leads to positive emotions.

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SOC (Selection, Optimization, Compensation)

A model explaining how people adapt to aging by selecting goals, optimizing resources, and compensating for losses.

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Selection (SOC Model)

The process of choosing goals, experiences, or circumstances based on personal preference or external factors.

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Optimization (SOC Model)

Making the best use of available resources in pursuing chosen goals.

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Compensation (SOC Model)

Employing alternative strategies when facing limitations in achieving goals.

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Five Factor Model

A model of personality that identifies five core traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

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Openness (Five Factor Model)

The tendency to be imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences.

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Conscientiousness (Five Factor Model)

The tendency to be organized, disciplined, and goal-oriented.

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Extroversion (Five Factor Model)

The tendency to be outgoing, sociable, and assertive.

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Agreeableness (Five Factor Model)

The tendency to be cooperative, empathetic, and kind.

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Neuroticism (Five Factor Model)

The tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anxiety, sadness, and anger.

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Plaster Hypothesis

Suggests that personality is relatively stable throughout adulthood, with little significant change.

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Resiliency

The ability to adapt and maintain well-being in the face of challenges and change.

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Mortality Salience

The understanding that one's time is finite, influencing choices and priorities.

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Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST)

The theory suggesting that as we age, we prioritize emotionally meaningful experiences and relationships.

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Knowledge-Related Goals

Goals focused on acquiring knowledge, building a career, and developing new connections.

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Emotion or Pleasure-Related Goals

Goals focused on immediate enjoyment, emotional well-being, and strengthening existing relationships.

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Goal Shift

A shift in priorities from future-oriented goals to those that bring immediate emotional satisfaction.

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Reconciling Polarities

The process of reconciling opposing aspects of one's identity, such as youthfulness and aging.

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Feeling Like a Full Adult

The feeling of being an adult in the eyes of others, leading to new choices based on personal fulfillment.

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Emphasis on the Present

The increased focus on the present moment as time becomes more valuable.

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New Sense of Urgency

The change in perspective that time is limited, leading to a sense of urgency to pursue aspirations.

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Making Life Modifications

The process of modifying one's expectations or relationships to achieve greater satisfaction in life.

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Shift in Time Perspective

The shift in how people perceive their lives, now considering the remaining years instead of those lived.

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Revaluation

The critical evaluation of one's life, possibly leading to changes in behavior or priorities.

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Contentment and Acceptance

The outcome of the midlife transition, potentially achieving a sense of contentment and acceptance of oneself.

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Neuroticism

One of the Big Five personality traits, it describes a person's tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, and anger.

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Openness to Experience

A personality trait characterized by imagination, feelings, actions, and ideas. People scoring high are curious and have diverse interests.

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Agreeableness

One of the Big Five personality traits, it reflects a person's tendency to be cooperative, trustworthy, and good-natured.

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Conscientiousness

One of the Big Five personality traits, it describes a person's tendency to be organized, disciplined, and achievement-oriented.

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Extroversion

One of the Big Five personality traits, it reflects a person's tendency to be sociable, assertive, and outgoing.

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Personality Maturation

The idea that personality traits can change over time, especially during adulthood. Individuals may become more agreeable and conscientious as they age.

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Hard Plaster Hypothesis

The concept that personality traits are relatively stable after a certain age, with only minor variations. It suggests that personality is fixed in adulthood.

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Soft Plaster Hypothesis

The idea that personality traits can still change and mature throughout life, even after middle age.

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Subjective Age

A multidimensional construct that reflects how old (or young) a person feels and into which age group they categorize themselves.

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Age Identity

A person's self-perception of their aging process and their identification with an age group.

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Perceived Physical Age

The age a person perceives themselves to be based on their physical appearance, often reflecting societal expectations of youthful bodies.

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Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging

A sense of well-being and satisfaction derived from adapting to and accepting changes associated with aging, such as physical changes.

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Beyond Chronological Age

The idea that relying solely on chronological age might not be an appropriate measure of an individual's capabilities and experiences.

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Shadow Side

A psychological concept that states each individual possesses a hidden or repressed aspect of their personality that is often darker or less socially acceptable.

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Gender Convergence

The idea that gender roles and expectations tend to converge in later life, with men becoming more interested in intimacy and women becoming more assertive.

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Later-life stepfamily challenges

Stepfamilies formed in later life face unique challenges, including navigating blended family dynamics, estate planning, and providing care for aging individuals.

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Stepparent outsider status

Stepparent relationships often feel like an outsider looking in, while the biological parent remains the 'insider' in the family dynamic.

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Adult stepchildren's struggles

Adult stepchildren may struggle with adapting to new family dynamics, especially when facing changes in family gatherings, social standing, and loyalty issues.

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Stepparent-parent disagreements

Disagreements about discipline and support for older children are common in stepfamilies, often leading to tension between parents and stepparents.

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Building a new family culture

Blending two distinct family cultures into a cohesive stepfamily culture is a significant challenge, requiring adaptability and compromise.

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Empty Nest

The change in family dynamics and roles when children reach adulthood and leave the home.

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Boomerang Kids

Young adults who return to live with their parents after being independent.

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Boomerang Generation

The phenomenon of young adults returning home to live with their parents after a period of independence.

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John Gottman

A marriage counselor who believes effective communication is key to a successful marriage.

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Marriage Killers

A style of communication in relationships characterized by disrespect, negativity, and disengagement.

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Stonewalling

The act of withdrawing from a conversation or interaction, often as a defense mechanism.

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Perpetual Problems

Conflicts that repeatedly arise in a relationship and rarely get resolved.

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Perpetual Problems (Gottman's Perspective)

Differences in opinions or perspectives within a marriage that can still be managed effectively.

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Adult Children's Relationships with Parents

Frequent interactions between adult children and their parents, often motivated by financial support or seeking advice.

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Contempt in Relationships

A negative communication pattern where one partner ignores or dismisses the other's feelings.

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Criticism in Relationships

A communication style that involves harshly judging or criticizing the other partner.

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Defensiveness in Relationships

A defensive response to criticism, often involving blaming the other partner.

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Awareness of Age Related Change (AARC)

A concept that examines how our subjective perceptions of aging influence our behavior and health outcomes.

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Job satisfaction with age

The positive feeling people get as they age because they're more satisfied with their jobs and careers.

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Midlife job dissatisfaction

People in midlife may feel less content in long-term jobs and more inclined to leave if unsatisfied, due to shorter time horizons.

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Motivations for continued work in later life

Motivations for older adults to keep working, including seeking new challenges, recognition, income security, and the desire to mentor others.

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Generative leadership

A key motivation for older employees who continue working, involving the desire to share skills and experience with younger colleagues.

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Aging workforce

The significant increase in the proportion of people over 60 in developed countries, making older workers a larger part of the workforce.

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High quality work relationships

Positive work relationships where colleagues trust and support each other, making work more enjoyable and less stressful.

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Negative supervisor impact

A negative impact on employee well-being caused by stressful or difficult supervisors.

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The dark triad

The personal qualities of a supervisor, such as psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism, which can lead to employee stress and lower job satisfaction.

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Job engagement and life satisfaction

Feeling engaged in your work and performing well can lead to better health and overall happiness.

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Importance of positive work relationships

The growing importance of positive work relationships for overall well-being, given that we spend a significant part of our lives at work.

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Potential health risks of retirement

The potential consequences of retirement, including increased health risks, possibly due to changes in lifestyle and activity levels.

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Relationship Research

The study of how personal relationships affect our wellbeing, often focusing on intimate relationships as they represent the closest social bonds.

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Intimacy

Psychological closeness, beyond just physical intimacy, involving trust, vulnerability, and emotional connection.

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Confidante

A single person with whom you can be completely open and honest, trusting them not to misuse your vulnerabilities.

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Formal Relationships

Relationships governed by social norms and expectations, often requiring more self-control and formality.

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Informal Relationships

Relationships characterized by ease, authenticity, and genuine expression of thoughts and feelings.

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Marriage Research

The study of marriage and its impact on personal well-being, often comparing married individuals to single, divorced, or widowed people.

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Hedonic Set-Point

The tendency for individuals to return to a baseline level of happiness after experiencing both positive and negative life events, including marriage.

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Marital Quality

The overall satisfaction an individual has with their marriage, including factors like communication, intimacy, and conflict resolution.

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Emotional Toll of a Problematic Marriage

The negative emotional consequences of being in a problematic marriage, potentially affecting overall life satisfaction and mental health.

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Longitudinal Studies

A type of research that follows the same group of individuals over an extended period of time, observing changes in their well-being and marital quality.

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Systematic Review

A review of multiple studies to synthesize findings and draw conclusions about a topic, allowing for a broader understanding of a phenomenon.

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Marital Satisfaction Peaks and Valleys

The fluctuations in marital satisfaction over the course of a relationship, often with higher levels of happiness before children and a decline after their arrival.

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Sandwich Generation

The middle-aged generation who juggles caring for their children while assisting aging parents.

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Kinkeeping

The role of maintaining family connections, often undertaken by middle-aged individuals. This involves organizing gatherings, communication, and keeping family ties strong.

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Physical Abuse

Intentional use of physical force causing harm, such as hitting, pushing, or grabbing.

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Sexual Abuse

Forcing someone into a sexual act against their will, also known as assault or rape.

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Psychological Abuse

Controlling behavior through threats, manipulation, bullying, or stalking. It aims to dominate another person.

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Neglect

Failure to provide a child's basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or education.

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Reasons adults stay in abusive relationships

Learned helplessness, a belief that one has no power to change their situation; the belief the abuser will change; shame and guilt; fear and financial reliance on the abuser.

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What is divorce?

The legal ending of a marriage.

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How does societal attitude influence divorce?

The tendency for divorce rates to be higher in societies where divorce is more accepted.

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What are some risk factors for divorce?

Factors like having children before marriage or living with multiple partners before marriage, which increase the risk of divorce.

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What are some protective factors against divorce?

Factors like higher education levels or waiting to marry later in life, which decrease the risk of divorce.

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What is the 'Gray Divorce Revolution'?

The significant increase in divorce rates among people aged 50-64 between 1990 and 2010.

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Are second marriages more likely to end in divorce?

Remarriages have a higher risk of ending in divorce compared to first marriages.

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What is socio-emotional selectivity theory?

The idea that as people age, they value present experiences and relationships more than past memories or future possibilities.

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Is the age of first marriage changing?

The trend of people marrying later in life, with the average age now being 27 for women and 29 for men.

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How does education relate to marriage?

The positive correlation between higher education and marriage rates, meaning people with college degrees are more likely to be married.

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Are single-person households becoming more common?

The increasing number of single-person households in the United States, exceeding 28% of all households.

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Are more Americans staying single?

The trend of more Americans remaining unmarried, with around 45% of adults over 18 being unmarried.

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Is household diversity increasing?

The increasing diversity of household structures, including single-parent families, blended families, and same-sex couples.

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How does teaching morality contribute to family well-being?

The process of fostering moral development in children, which can contribute to their well-being.

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What is meant by 'savoring the good' in a family?

Celebrating each other's successes as a way to enhance family happiness.

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How can the extended family network support family well-being?

The use of extended family members, like siblings and grandparents, as caregivers to promote family well-being.

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Partner Availability and Remarriage

The likelihood of remarrying is heavily influenced by the availability of potential partners. As the pool of eligible men shrinks with time, women face a greater challenge in finding a new spouse.

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Children and Remarriage

Women are more likely than men to have children living with them, which often decreases their chances of remarriage. This is because remarriage can introduce complexity into family dynamics, potentially impacting the well-being of existing children from previous relationships.

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Traditional Benefits of Marriage

Marriage has traditionally benefited men more than women, with women often having to make greater compromises in their work and home lives. This can lead some women to perceive remarriage as less appealing.

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Gender Gap in Remarriage

A gender gap exists in remarriage rates, with men remarrying more frequently than women. This disparity is particularly pronounced in middle age and older adulthood. This trend can be attributed to various factors, including the lower availability of potential female partners and cultural expectations.

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Education and Remarriage

Education can increase men's likelihood of remarrying, as it may lead to higher income and social standing, increasing their attractiveness as potential partners. However, for women, education may decrease remarriage chances due to a perceived expectation that men should be more educated than their partners. This can create a 'marriage gradient' which women with higher levels of education may find difficult to navigate.

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Grandparents As Parents

The number of grandparents raising grandchildren in the United States is significant, highlighting the challenges faced by families in the context of remarriage and blended families.

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Parental Investment in Adult Children

Adult children often provide significant support to their parents, especially in Europe, where adult children are more likely to live with their parents. This reliance on family can influence remarriage decisions, particularly when it comes to financial and practical considerations for both older adults and their children.

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Challenges of Blended Families

Blended families formed through remarriage can encounter numerous challenges when trying to integrate children from previous relationships. Issues like conflicting loyalties, differing parenting styles, and role ambiguity can create strain and require careful navigation by all involved.

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Gray Divorce and Blended Families

Gray divorce, where couples divorce in later life, is on the rise. This trend can lead to older adults seeking new partners later in life, introducing the possibility of blended families with adult children in the household. It also highlights the changing dynamics of family structures in contemporary society.

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Online Dating and Remarriage

Online dating platforms have become increasingly popular among older adults, leading to more opportunities for remarriage and blended families. However, this can also lead to more complex family situations as adults navigate online dating and potential future relationships.

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Boomerang Generation and Remarriage

The rising cost of housing has contributed to the phenomenon of 'boomerang generation', where adult children return to live with their parents. This trend can complicate family formations and dynamics, potentially impacting remarriage decisions for older adults and the formation of blended families.

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Repartnering and Timing

Repartnering, the process of finding a new romantic partner after a divorce or separation, often occurs relatively quickly for those who choose to do so. However, those who remain single for longer periods tend to stay single. This suggests that the choice of repartnering is not always driven by a desire to be in a relationship, but rather by a specific readiness or the right circumstances.

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Happiness and Remarriage

Research on happiness in remarriages is mixed. While some remarried individuals report finding happiness and learning from past mistakes, the divorce rate for remarriages is higher than for first marriages. This may be due to a combination of factors, including unresolved issues from previous relationships and the complexity of blending families.

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Remarriage: Complexity and Choices

Remarriage is a complex process with various influencing factors. It requires careful consideration of personal goals, family dynamics, and the availability of suitable partners. Understanding the challenges and potential benefits of remarriage can provide individuals with the tools to make informed decisions about their future.

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Impact of Repartnering and Remarriage

The decisions made during the repartnering and remarriage process have long-term consequences for individuals, their families, and their well-being. It is essential to approach this journey with realistic expectations, sound planning, and a willingness to navigate potential challenges.

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Study Notes

Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood

  • Sarcopenia: Loss of muscle tissue and function with age, potentially due to detachment of leg muscles from the nervous system. Exercise can slow progression. 75-year-olds may have 30-60% fewer nerve endings in leg muscles compared to their 20s.
  • Osteosarcopenia: Combination of sarcopenia and osteoporosis (bone loss).
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Third most common type of arthritis, unknown etiology. More common in women (3:1 ratio), often starting in early 40s, with peak symptoms in 60s. Temporary remission during pregnancy suggests hormonal involvement.
  • Osteoporosis: Silent disease leading to fractures. Peak bone mass around 35-40. Women lose 5-10% bone mass annually post-menopause. Men and women lose bone mass at similar rates starting in 60s. 50% women and 25% men over 50 risk bone fractures due to osteoporosis.
  • Chronic Inflammation: Increased in middle adulthood, with potential causes like autoimmune disorders and social isolation. Implicated in muscle loss with age and linked to various chronic diseases, including dementia.
  • Vision: Presbyopia (difficulty seeing up close) due to lens enlargement and reduced eye flexibility. Night vision affected due to less flexible pupil.
  • Hearing: Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) most common. Noise exposure, smoking, high blood pressure, stroke exacerbate loss. High-frequency sounds initially affected. Otosclerosis (bone growth in middle ear) is another cause. More common in men due to occupation or higher noise exposure.
  • Weight Gain: Metabolism slows by about one-third in midlife. Weight gain typically occurs in upper abdomen (men) and waist/upper arms (women). Lifestyle and preventive measures are key.

Hormonal Changes

  • Menopause: Transition where ovaries stop releasing eggs, estrogen and progesterone decrease. Menstruation ceases after 1 year without period. Symptoms include headaches, night sweats, heart palpitations, psychological changes (anxiety, depression), vaginal dryness and painful intercourse. Menopause experience varies culturally (e.g., hot flashes more common in Western cultures).
  • Andropause: Gradual decrease in testosterone and sperm production in men. Not as clearly defined as menopause. Symptoms include decreased libido, loss of body hair, erectile dysfunction, and muscle loss. May be due to glandular disease. Treatment with testosterone replacement therapy is possible but with potential risks.

Cognitive Development

  • Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence: Fluid intelligence (processing speed, reaction time) generally declines from 20s. Crystallized intelligence (knowledge, experience) accumulates.
  • Cognitive Decline: Begins in 60s with reliable declines across various abilities; but some studies suggest declines present in 40s. Cognitive activity can help reduce decline.
  • Control Beliefs: Internal locus of control (belief in self-control) is associated with better cognitive and psychological outcomes. Decrease in internal LOC in middle age is possible, but individual differences are substantial. The relative importance of control beliefs and cognitive outcomes is still under investigation.
  • Tacit Knowledge: Extensive, experiential knowledge often difficult to articulate. Valuable asset in midlife.
  • Expertise Model: Experts possess intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible thinking - skills honed through practice and experience. Expertise can compensate for declines in other areas.

Psychosocial Development

  • Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation: Seventh stage (40-65). Defining crisis is generating something for the future versus feeling unproductive and stagnant in interpersonal relationships. Generativity involves care for the next generation through creativity or mentoring.
  • Midlife Crisis: Levinson's theory identifies a midlife transition in the 40s/50s involving re-evaluation and reassessment of life goals, commitments. However, supported by limited sample and culturally specific.
  • Subjective Age: Most people feel younger than their chronological age after early adulthood- This gap increase with age. Positive self-perception of aging relates to increased well-being and longevity.

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST)

  • Time Perspective: Shifting focus to present as time horizon shrinks due to mortality salience. Increased selectivity in relationships to maximize positive emotions and minimize emotional risks.
  • Goals Shift: Change in focus from future-oriented (knowledge, career) to present-oriented (emotion, pleasure).
  • Paradox of Aging: Despite some physical and cognitive decline, subjective well-being may increase in middle and later adulthood.

Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) Model

  • Adaptation to Changes: Emphasis on selection of goals based on ability, optimizing available resources, and compensating for any losses.

Work Satisfaction and Relationships

  • Job Satisfaction: Job satisfaction tends to increase with age, despite a potential for dissatisfaction in the same role over prolonged periods. Strong work relationships improve satisfaction, while negative relationships can be a significant detriment.
  • Generative Leadership: Older workers may be motivated by leadership roles to mentor and share their experience.
  • Workforce Demographics: Increasing older population in workforce changes professional expectations.
  • Relationships at work: Quality relationships in the workplace reduce stress and boost job satisfaction. Poor work relationships can diminish subjective well-being.

Relationships & Family Life

  • Intimate Relationships: Important for well-being, particularly having a trusted confidante. Quality matters over quantity in relationships.
  • Marriage and Happiness: Transition to marriage initially increases well-being, but over time, regression to a hedonic set point is possible and relationship quality matters more than just being married.
  • Parenting: Significant changes in family roles and dynamics. Empty nests and boomerang kids are common experiences.
  • Sandwich Generation: Middle-aged adults caring for both children and aging parents. Cultural norms and financial situations affect the caregiving experience.
  • Abuse: Physical, sexual, and psychological abuse can have a significant impact on a person’s well-being and lifespan.
  • Divorce: Divorce rates vary by societal factors and time period. Factors impacting divorce rate include education levels, age at marriage, parental marital status, and previous cohabitation patterns. Remarriage is common in midlife but significantly correlated with higher divorce rates for a second or third marriage.

Blended Families

  • Challenges: Adjusting to new dynamics, discipline differences, role ambiguity, building a new family culture, reconciliation with ex-partners.

Putting it Together

  • Overview of how many biological, psychological, and social factors influence the mid-life journey.
  • Emphasis on cultural differences and individual variations in experience.

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