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Questions and Answers
Which stage is the infective stage for Sarcocystosis?
Where does the sexual cycle of Sarcocystosis take place?
What is the mode of transmission in the human muscular Sarcocystosis caused by S. lindemanni?
How are sarcocysts containing bradyzoites formed in the human Sarcocystosis cycle?
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Which animals act as the Intermediate Hosts in the human intestinal Sarcocystosis cycle?
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What transforms into macrogametes in the human Sarcocystosis cycle?
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What is the term used to describe the process where some merozoites become microgametocyte and macrogametocyte in the sexual cycle of parasites?
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Which stage of the mosquito cycle involves the production of sporozoites?
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How long does it take for sporozoites to escape from oocysts in the mosquito cycle?
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Which specific type of gametocyte becomes a male gamete by exflagellation in the mosquito gut?
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Where are sporozoites found after escaping oocysts in the mosquito cycle?
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Which stage of malaria parasites is characterized by a ring shape with red chromatin dot and a scanty blue cytoplasm?
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What is the appropriate time interval for obtaining blood smears to monitor the response to malaria treatment?
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In which type of malaria infection are only ring forms and gametocytes found in the peripheral blood?
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What is the specific purpose of malarial rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that detect Plasmodium specific antigens?
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What is the main purpose of using antimalarial drugs prophylactically?
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When can gametocytes be observed in the blood in a P. falciparum infection?
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What is the role of PCR in malaria diagnosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a species of the Plasmodium genus that causes malaria in humans?
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What is the estimated number of people at risk for malaria infection as of 2012?
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Which of the following statements about malaria is NOT true according to the text?
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Which genus of mosquitoes transmits the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria?
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Which of the following statements about Plasmodium knowlesi is true according to the text?
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Which of the following techniques is used to differentiate Plasmodium knowlesi from Plasmodium malariae?
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What is the principal vector for malaria transmission mentioned in the text?
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How is sporozoite-induced malaria mainly transmitted?
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What is the sporocidal compound mentioned in the text used for?
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Which disease kills more people than malaria according to the text?
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When does peak transmission of sporozoite-induced malaria occur?
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Which part of the Philippines is NOT mentioned as a prevalent area for malaria?
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Study Notes
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Obtaining smears every 6-8 hours may be necessary to diagnose malaria
- Examine blood after a few hours (usually 6 hours) to arrive at specific diagnosis of species
- P.vivax, P.ovale, P.malariae all have asexual stages and gametocytes in the peripheral blood
- P.falciparum infections only have ring form and gametocytes in the peripheral blood
- Gametocytes may be seen in 10 days after symptoms begin
- Other stages are found in the capillaries of internal organs
- Blood smears should be obtained to monitor the response to treatment
- Monitoring should be continued until there is clearance of parasitemia
Malarial Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs)
- Detect Plasmodium-specific antigens with a finger prick
- Can distinguish between falciparum and non-falciparum but not among non-falciparum species
- Use of PCR has been introduced
Treatment
- Main use of antimalarial drugs:
- Protective (prophylactic) - used before the infection occurs or before it becomes evident
- Curative (therapeutic) - action on established infection
- Preventive - the deterrence of infection of mosquitoes with the use of gametocidal drugs to attack the gametocytes in the blood of the human host
Life Cycle
- Definitive host: Man
- Infective stage: Sporulated oocyst
- Mode of transmission: Ingestion of infective mature (sporulated) oocysts in contaminated food or water
Intestinal Sarcocystosis in Man
- Caused by S.hominis and S.suihominis
- Definitive host: Man
- Intermediate host: Cattles and Pigs
Muscular Sarcocystosis in Man
- Caused by S.lindemanni
- Definitive host: Dogs and Cats
- Intermediate host: Man
Epidemiology
- Malaria is the world's most important tropical parasitic disease
- Kills more people than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis and COVID-19
- Remains a public health problem in more than 104 countries
- In 2012, WHO reported an estimated 207 million cases of malaria
- In the Philippines, malaria has not been included among the 10 leading causes of morbidity since 2006
Order of Frequency in the Philippines
- Infection is mainly through mosquito bite
- Sporozoite-induced malaria: injection of sporozoites through mosquito bite
- Peak transmission occurs at the beginning and end of the rainy season
- Principal malaria vector is female Anopheles minimus var flavirostris, a night biter
Areas in the Philippines Where Malaria is Prevalent
- Most parts of Mindanao
- Mindoro
- Palawan
- Luzon
- Samar
- Leyte - some parts
Parasites
- P.falciparum
- P.vivax
- P.ovale
- P.malariae
- P.knowlesi - 5th human malarial parasite in the Philippines and most of SEA, normally a parasite of long-tailed macaques
Morphology of Various Stages
- Early trophozoite or ring form: ring-shaped with red chromatin dot and a scanty amount of blue cytoplasm when stained with Giemsa or Wright stain
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Description
Test your knowledge of the life cycle of Sarcocystis infection, including the definitive host, infective stage, mode of transmission, and host species involved in intestinal and muscular sarcocystosis in humans.
