Sampling Methods in Research
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Sampling Methods in Research

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Questions and Answers

What is a sampling frame?

  • An exact list of all individuals in a population
  • A list of cases that approximates the population (correct)
  • A method used to estimate population density
  • A technique to analyze data collected from surveys

    • Which of the following best describes simple random sampling?

  • Individuals are selected based on their characteristics
  • Each individual has no chance of being selected
  • Every individual has an equal chance of being chosen (correct)
  • Only certain groups within a population are targeted

    • What does sampling with replacement entail?

  • Selected individuals are not returned to the population
  • Selected individuals are selected based on previous sampling data
  • Selected individuals are recorded and returned for potential future selections (correct)
  • Selected individuals are removed from future selections

    • What is a key characteristic of sampling without replacement?

    <p>Each selected individual is removed before the next selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following probability sampling methods ensures representation across various groups?

    <p>Stratified random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement?

    <p>Sampling with replacement allows the same individual to be chosen multiple times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sampling without replacement from a population of size 6, what is the probability of selecting the second individual after the first has been chosen?

    <p>1/5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor makes sampling with replacement preferable when the population is relatively small?

    <p>It keeps the odds constant for all selections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When sampling without replacement, how many times can an individual be chosen?

    <p>At most once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the probabilities of selection in a population approach 1/(N-1) as the sample size N becomes large?

    <p>The differences in selection probabilities become negligible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Large Numbers state about sample size and representativeness?

    <p>Larger samples more accurately represent the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may influence the accuracy of a sample according to the square root principle?

    <p>Discrepancy decreases in relation to $N$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes nonprobability sampling?

    <p>Selection of individuals is biased and not random.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers opt for a smaller sample size?

    <p>There are practical limitations to recruiting a large sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing sample size from 4 to 16 compared to 30 to 50?

    <p>Accuracy increases significantly from 4 to 16.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be ensured for probability sampling to be effective?

    <p>Selection must be unbiased and random.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of stratified random sampling?

    <p>It divides the population into groups and selects a sample from each group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying reason for requiring larger samples in survey methods?

    <p>To ensure accurate representation of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In proportionate stratified sampling, how are participants chosen from each subgroup?

    <p>Randomly, but ensuring the proportions match the overall population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of odds of selecting individuals, probability sampling differs from nonprobability sampling how?

    <p>Odds are calculable in probability sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method involves selecting every 7th individual from a list?

    <p>Systematic sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of stratified random sampling?

    <p>It can be difficult to organize and execute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a proportionate stratified sample ensure overall representation?

    <p>By matching the sample sizes to the proportions of subgroups in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method would most likely lead to underrepresentation of a subgroup?

    <p>Simple random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In stratified sampling, what is required before the sample is taken?

    <p>Dividing the population into distinguishable subgroups based on a characteristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option presents a clear example of stratified random sampling?

    <p>Sampling 100 students from a school based on grade distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using referrals from current participants when recruiting hard-to-reach individuals like street gang members?

    <p>It builds trust with potential participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which non-probability sampling method allows researchers to ensure specific subgroups are represented?

    <p>Quota sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of using convenience sampling?

    <p>It often results in a biased sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does quota sampling differ from convenience sampling?

    <p>Quota sampling targets specific subgroups while convenience sampling does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential strength of using convenience sampling in research?

    <p>It is a quick and easy way to gather data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when using convenience sampling for research purposes?

    <p>It may not accurately reflect the target population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of recruiting music majors for a study, what role do participants' referrals play?

    <p>They help in creating a sense of community among participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of non-probability sampling methods?

    <p>They may produce biased samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sampling Methods

    • Stratified random sampling divides the population into subgroups (strata) and then randomly selects equal numbers from each subgroup.
    • Proportionate stratified sampling ensures the sample's composition reflects the population's proportions, but some strata might have limited representation.

    Example Sampling Methods

    • Researchers studying the effectiveness of different teaching methods on vocabulary development used proportionate stratified sampling by selecting a proportionate number of students from classrooms using each method.
    • Researchers looking at age-related changes in memory used systematic sampling by sampling every 7th person from a census list after choosing a random starting point.
    • Researchers investigating age-related changes in memory used stratified random sampling by dividing the population into age groups and then randomly choosing a sample from each group.

    Sampling Bias

    • The larger the sample size, the more accurately it will represent the population, known as the Law of Large Numbers.

    Law of Large Numbers

    • The larger the sample size, the closer the outcomes approximate those of the population.
    • The discrepancy between the sample and the population decreases in relation to the square root of N.
    • There's less benefit to testing more than 25-30 participants per group.

    Sample Number

    • Statistical power determines the minimum number of participants needed to detect an expected effect in a study.

    Sampling Procedures

    • Probability sampling uses random sampling, giving each population member an equal chance of selection.
    • Nonprobability sampling does not use random selection and doesn't guarantee an equal chance of selection for each population member.

    Probability vs. Nonprobability Sampling

    • Probability sampling requires a known population size with a clear list of members, ensuring a calculable chance of selecting a specific individual. It emphasizes unbiased selection through a random process.
    • Nonprobability sampling features an unknown population size without a complete list of members, leading to uncertain odds of selecting a specific individual. It involves biased selection, increasing the risk of producing a biased sample.

    Probability Sampling Estimates

    • Estimating a population size is difficult, so researchers need a best estimate of the population.
    • A sampling frame is a list of cases in a population or the best approximation of it, such as telephone directories, tax records, or birth records.

    Probability Sampling Methods

    • Simple random sampling represents the entire population with equal chances for each individual, using a random process to select individuals.
    • Systematic random sampling involves selecting every nth individual from a list.
    • Stratified random sampling divides the population into subgroups and randomly selects individuals from each subgroup.
    • Proportionate stratified random sampling ensures the sample's composition matches the population's proportions.

    Simple Random Sampling

    • Each selection is random and independent.
    • Two key methods: sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement.

    Simple Random Sampling with Replacement

    • An individual selected for the sample is returned to the population before the next selection.
    • The probability of selecting an individual remains consistent across all selections.

    Simple Random Sampling without Replacement

    • An individual selected for the sample is removed from the population before the next selection.
    • The probability of selecting an individual changes after each selection.

    Non-probability Sampling Methods: Summary

    • Convenience sampling selects participants easily accessible, potentially introducing bias.
    • Quota sampling establishes quotas for subgroups, attempting to control the sample's composition but still potentially biased.

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    Description

    This quiz covers various sampling methods used in research, including stratified random sampling and proportionate stratified sampling. It explores how these methods can impact the representativeness of a sample in studies, with examples relating to teaching methods and memory changes. Test your understanding of these concepts and their applications!

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