Sampling Methods in Research
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Questions and Answers

What is a sampling frame?

  • An exact list of all individuals in a population
  • A list of cases that approximates the population (correct)
  • A method used to estimate population density
  • A technique to analyze data collected from surveys

    • Which of the following best describes simple random sampling?

  • Individuals are selected based on their characteristics
  • Each individual has no chance of being selected
  • Every individual has an equal chance of being chosen (correct)
  • Only certain groups within a population are targeted

    • What does sampling with replacement entail?

  • Selected individuals are not returned to the population
  • Selected individuals are selected based on previous sampling data
  • Selected individuals are recorded and returned for potential future selections (correct)
  • Selected individuals are removed from future selections

    • What is a key characteristic of sampling without replacement?

    <p>Each selected individual is removed before the next selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following probability sampling methods ensures representation across various groups?

    <p>Stratified random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement?

    <p>Sampling with replacement allows the same individual to be chosen multiple times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sampling without replacement from a population of size 6, what is the probability of selecting the second individual after the first has been chosen?

    <p>1/5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor makes sampling with replacement preferable when the population is relatively small?

    <p>It keeps the odds constant for all selections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When sampling without replacement, how many times can an individual be chosen?

    <p>At most once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the probabilities of selection in a population approach 1/(N-1) as the sample size N becomes large?

    <p>The differences in selection probabilities become negligible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Large Numbers state about sample size and representativeness?

    <p>Larger samples more accurately represent the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may influence the accuracy of a sample according to the square root principle?

    <p>Discrepancy decreases in relation to $N$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes nonprobability sampling?

    <p>Selection of individuals is biased and not random.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers opt for a smaller sample size?

    <p>There are practical limitations to recruiting a large sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing sample size from 4 to 16 compared to 30 to 50?

    <p>Accuracy increases significantly from 4 to 16.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be ensured for probability sampling to be effective?

    <p>Selection must be unbiased and random.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of stratified random sampling?

    <p>It divides the population into groups and selects a sample from each group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying reason for requiring larger samples in survey methods?

    <p>To ensure accurate representation of the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In proportionate stratified sampling, how are participants chosen from each subgroup?

    <p>Randomly, but ensuring the proportions match the overall population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of odds of selecting individuals, probability sampling differs from nonprobability sampling how?

    <p>Odds are calculable in probability sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method involves selecting every 7th individual from a list?

    <p>Systematic sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of stratified random sampling?

    <p>It can be difficult to organize and execute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a proportionate stratified sample ensure overall representation?

    <p>By matching the sample sizes to the proportions of subgroups in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method would most likely lead to underrepresentation of a subgroup?

    <p>Simple random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In stratified sampling, what is required before the sample is taken?

    <p>Dividing the population into distinguishable subgroups based on a characteristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option presents a clear example of stratified random sampling?

    <p>Sampling 100 students from a school based on grade distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using referrals from current participants when recruiting hard-to-reach individuals like street gang members?

    <p>It builds trust with potential participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which non-probability sampling method allows researchers to ensure specific subgroups are represented?

    <p>Quota sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of using convenience sampling?

    <p>It often results in a biased sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does quota sampling differ from convenience sampling?

    <p>Quota sampling targets specific subgroups while convenience sampling does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential strength of using convenience sampling in research?

    <p>It is a quick and easy way to gather data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when using convenience sampling for research purposes?

    <p>It may not accurately reflect the target population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of recruiting music majors for a study, what role do participants' referrals play?

    <p>They help in creating a sense of community among participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of non-probability sampling methods?

    <p>They may produce biased samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sampling Methods

    • Stratified random sampling divides the population into subgroups (strata) and then randomly selects equal numbers from each subgroup.
    • Proportionate stratified sampling ensures the sample's composition reflects the population's proportions, but some strata might have limited representation.

    Example Sampling Methods

    • Researchers studying the effectiveness of different teaching methods on vocabulary development used proportionate stratified sampling by selecting a proportionate number of students from classrooms using each method.
    • Researchers looking at age-related changes in memory used systematic sampling by sampling every 7th person from a census list after choosing a random starting point.
    • Researchers investigating age-related changes in memory used stratified random sampling by dividing the population into age groups and then randomly choosing a sample from each group.

    Sampling Bias

    • The larger the sample size, the more accurately it will represent the population, known as the Law of Large Numbers.

    Law of Large Numbers

    • The larger the sample size, the closer the outcomes approximate those of the population.
    • The discrepancy between the sample and the population decreases in relation to the square root of N.
    • There's less benefit to testing more than 25-30 participants per group.

    Sample Number

    • Statistical power determines the minimum number of participants needed to detect an expected effect in a study.

    Sampling Procedures

    • Probability sampling uses random sampling, giving each population member an equal chance of selection.
    • Nonprobability sampling does not use random selection and doesn't guarantee an equal chance of selection for each population member.

    Probability vs. Nonprobability Sampling

    • Probability sampling requires a known population size with a clear list of members, ensuring a calculable chance of selecting a specific individual. It emphasizes unbiased selection through a random process.
    • Nonprobability sampling features an unknown population size without a complete list of members, leading to uncertain odds of selecting a specific individual. It involves biased selection, increasing the risk of producing a biased sample.

    Probability Sampling Estimates

    • Estimating a population size is difficult, so researchers need a best estimate of the population.
    • A sampling frame is a list of cases in a population or the best approximation of it, such as telephone directories, tax records, or birth records.

    Probability Sampling Methods

    • Simple random sampling represents the entire population with equal chances for each individual, using a random process to select individuals.
    • Systematic random sampling involves selecting every nth individual from a list.
    • Stratified random sampling divides the population into subgroups and randomly selects individuals from each subgroup.
    • Proportionate stratified random sampling ensures the sample's composition matches the population's proportions.

    Simple Random Sampling

    • Each selection is random and independent.
    • Two key methods: sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement.

    Simple Random Sampling with Replacement

    • An individual selected for the sample is returned to the population before the next selection.
    • The probability of selecting an individual remains consistent across all selections.

    Simple Random Sampling without Replacement

    • An individual selected for the sample is removed from the population before the next selection.
    • The probability of selecting an individual changes after each selection.

    Non-probability Sampling Methods: Summary

    • Convenience sampling selects participants easily accessible, potentially introducing bias.
    • Quota sampling establishes quotas for subgroups, attempting to control the sample's composition but still potentially biased.

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    Related Documents

    PSYC 306 Chapter 5 Research Methods in Psychology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers various sampling methods used in research, including stratified random sampling and proportionate stratified sampling. It explores how these methods can impact the representativeness of a sample in studies, with examples relating to teaching methods and memory changes. Test your understanding of these concepts and their applications!

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