Sampling and Descriptive Statistics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the formula for the range of a distribution?

Highest value - Lowest value (correct)

Average distance between each score and the mean

Difference between two percentiles

Standard deviation / Mean

Which measure of spread is sensitive to extreme values?

Percentile

Range

Mode

Standard deviation (correct)

In the formula for standard deviation, what does 'N' represent?

Difference between two percentiles

Sum of scores

Average distance between each score and the mean

Number of scores (correct)

What does a z-score of 0 indicate in a normal distribution?

The score is equal to the mean Signup and view all the answers

What does a correlation coefficient of -0.85 indicate about the relationship between two variables?

Strong negative relationship Signup and view all the answers

In multiple regression, what does R^2 represent?

The amount of shared variance between independent variables Signup and view all the answers

What does a scattergram plot in relation to two variables?

The strength and direction of the relationship Signup and view all the answers

Who were the individuals involved in the correspondence on fair division of the stake in an interrupted game of chance?

Gerolamo Cardano, Pierre de Fermat, and Blaise Pascal Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for probability in terms of frequency?

$Probability = \frac{Frequency}{Total Frequency}$ Signup and view all the answers

What type of distribution is the normal (Gaussian) distribution?

Continuous probability distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal (Gaussian) distribution also known as?

The bell curve Signup and view all the answers

What does the area under the normal distribution represent?

100% (or $p = 1$) Signup and view all the answers

Who ordered the French troops to spare Gottingen because 'the greatest mathematician of all times is living there'?

Napoleon Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling technique involves dividing the population into subgroups and then taking a random sample from each subgroup?

Stratified random sampling Signup and view all the answers

What influences sample sizes?

Population size, accuracy required, variability of the population, and the number of variables to be examined Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sampling is often used due to practical limitations and ethical considerations?

Convenience sampling Signup and view all the answers

What do descriptive statistics help manage and interpret?

Data Signup and view all the answers

What are key descriptors for frequency distributions?

Measures of central tendency Signup and view all the answers

What type of statistics are used to draw inferences from samples to populations?

Inferential statistics Signup and view all the answers

What does random (probability) sampling provide the best representation of?

The population Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to inaccuracies in generalizing findings from a sample to a population?

Sampling bias Signup and view all the answers

What can increasing the sample size do in terms of representing the population?

Increase its fidelity to represent the population Signup and view all the answers

What does random sampling not guarantee about the sample?

Representativeness Signup and view all the answers

What do repeated random samplings yield closer approximations to?

The mean Signup and view all the answers

What does the mean of the normal distribution approximate with more independent scores?

The true mean Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to ensure a sample represents a population?

Conducting random (probability) sampling Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing the sample size affect its representation of the population?

It increases fidelity to represent the population Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of sampling bias on generalizing findings?

It can lead to inaccuracies in generalizing findings Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the mean of a normal distribution with more independent scores?

It approximates the true mean more closely Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of repeated random samplings on approximations to the mean?

They yield closer approximations to the mean Signup and view all the answers

How are outliers in the data determined in relation to the mean and standard deviation?

By the number of standard deviations from the mean Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding Sampling and the Wisdom of Crowds

The normal distribution is divided by the mean and standard deviation
Independent scores often tend towards a normal distribution
The mean of the normal distribution approximates the true mean with more independent scores
An ad hoc in-class experiment with 33 independent estimates was conducted
The data were coded from paper to spreadsheet on a "first come first served" basis
There were outliers in the data, as determined by the number of standard deviations from the mean
Sampling is done to represent the population and generalize findings
Sampling bias can lead to inaccuracies in generalizing findings
Random (probability) sampling provides the best representation of a population
Increasing the sample size increases its fidelity to represent the population
Random sampling does not guarantee that the sample will be representative
Repeated random samplings yield closer approximations to the mean

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Description

Test your knowledge of sampling and descriptive statistics with this quiz. Explore confidence intervals, different sampling techniques, sample sizes, inferential statistics, non-probability sampling methods, and descriptive statistics. Understand the importance of sample size and the impact of sampling bias on generalizing findings.