Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most common benign salivary gland tumor?
What is the most common benign salivary gland tumor?
Which condition is associated with painful swallowing in immunocompromised patients until proven otherwise?
Which condition is associated with painful swallowing in immunocompromised patients until proven otherwise?
What is a primary characteristic of systemic sclerosis?
What is a primary characteristic of systemic sclerosis?
What defines a sliding hiatal hernia?
What defines a sliding hiatal hernia?
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What contrast agent is typically used in suspected esophageal perforation?
What contrast agent is typically used in suspected esophageal perforation?
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What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor?
What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor?
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What is the characteristic feature of Warthin tumor?
What is the characteristic feature of Warthin tumor?
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Which condition is least likely to cause high-volume hematemesis?
Which condition is least likely to cause high-volume hematemesis?
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What can cause esophageal perforation?
What can cause esophageal perforation?
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What is the best diagnostic tool for hiatal hernia?
What is the best diagnostic tool for hiatal hernia?
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Which scenario describes a paraesophageal hiatal hernia?
Which scenario describes a paraesophageal hiatal hernia?
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Which of the following is primarily associated with systemic sclerosis?
Which of the following is primarily associated with systemic sclerosis?
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What is a potential risk of using inhaled corticosteroids in asthma patients?
What is a potential risk of using inhaled corticosteroids in asthma patients?
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What causes a Mallory-Weiss tear?
What causes a Mallory-Weiss tear?
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Which symptom is indicative of esophageal dysmotility in CREST syndrome?
Which symptom is indicative of esophageal dysmotility in CREST syndrome?
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In cases where a patient has aspiration risk, which contrast is preferred?
In cases where a patient has aspiration risk, which contrast is preferred?
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Which condition is characterized by dysphagia to both solids and liquids from the onset?
Which condition is characterized by dysphagia to both solids and liquids from the onset?
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What is the typical presenting demographic for Zenker diverticulum?
What is the typical presenting demographic for Zenker diverticulum?
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Which of the following mechanisms is NOT associated with Zenker diverticulum?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT associated with Zenker diverticulum?
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What is the first step in diagnosing achalasia?
What is the first step in diagnosing achalasia?
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What type of diverticulum is Zenker diverticulum classified as?
What type of diverticulum is Zenker diverticulum classified as?
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What type of gastritis is associated with pernicious anemia and affects the fundus/body of the stomach?
What type of gastritis is associated with pernicious anemia and affects the fundus/body of the stomach?
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What effect do NSAIDs have on prostaglandin production and the gastric lining?
What effect do NSAIDs have on prostaglandin production and the gastric lining?
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What is the confirmatory test for achalasia after a barium swallow?
What is the confirmatory test for achalasia after a barium swallow?
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Which histological feature is characteristic of gastric cancer?
Which histological feature is characteristic of gastric cancer?
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Which treatment method involves balloon dilation for achalasia?
Which treatment method involves balloon dilation for achalasia?
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In achalasia, what type of lesions can be a rare cause of the condition?
In achalasia, what type of lesions can be a rare cause of the condition?
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What gross appearance is associated with advanced gastric cancer?
What gross appearance is associated with advanced gastric cancer?
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Which condition is most commonly linked to the presence of signet-ring cells in bilateral ovarian lesions?
Which condition is most commonly linked to the presence of signet-ring cells in bilateral ovarian lesions?
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What is the significance of the Virchow node in relation to gastric cancer?
What is the significance of the Virchow node in relation to gastric cancer?
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What role do nitrosamines play in gastric cancer incidence in certain populations?
What role do nitrosamines play in gastric cancer incidence in certain populations?
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What distinguishes MALT lymphoma from gastric cancer histologically?
What distinguishes MALT lymphoma from gastric cancer histologically?
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What is the first imaging study recommended for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis?
What is the first imaging study recommended for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis?
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What complication arises when a gallstone obstructs the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
What complication arises when a gallstone obstructs the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
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In a patient with obstructive jaundice, which of the following presentations would most likely indicate pancreatic cancer?
In a patient with obstructive jaundice, which of the following presentations would most likely indicate pancreatic cancer?
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Which lab values would you expect to see elevated in gallstone pancreatitis?
Which lab values would you expect to see elevated in gallstone pancreatitis?
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In the presence of obstructive jaundice, which option is the most definitive test to visualize the biliary tract?
In the presence of obstructive jaundice, which option is the most definitive test to visualize the biliary tract?
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Why is it important to differentiate cholangiocarcinoma from pancreatic cancer?
Why is it important to differentiate cholangiocarcinoma from pancreatic cancer?
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What does intra-operative cholangiography assess during a cholecystectomy?
What does intra-operative cholangiography assess during a cholecystectomy?
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What is the primary diagnosis method for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)?
What is the primary diagnosis method for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)?
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When faced with a case presenting obstructive jaundice and previous gallbladder removal, which is a critical consideration?
When faced with a case presenting obstructive jaundice and previous gallbladder removal, which is a critical consideration?
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In the case of SBP, what laboratory test should be performed first after paracentesis?
In the case of SBP, what laboratory test should be performed first after paracentesis?
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Which symptom is NOT typically linked to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?
Which symptom is NOT typically linked to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?
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What is the minimum white blood cell count indicating a diagnosis of SBP?
What is the minimum white blood cell count indicating a diagnosis of SBP?
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Which of the following is often confused with paracentesis?
Which of the following is often confused with paracentesis?
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A patient with cirrhosis presents with ascites but without fever or abdominal pain. Which of the following is the most relevant next step in evaluation?
A patient with cirrhosis presents with ascites but without fever or abdominal pain. Which of the following is the most relevant next step in evaluation?
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What complication is primarily associated with the presence of major risk factors for ascites in cirrhosis patients?
What complication is primarily associated with the presence of major risk factors for ascites in cirrhosis patients?
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What is the correct sequence of the next steps following abdominal paracentesis in SBP diagnosis?
What is the correct sequence of the next steps following abdominal paracentesis in SBP diagnosis?
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Study Notes
Medical Organization
- Mehlman Medical Hy Gastro
- Website: mehlmanmedical.com
Social Media
- YouTube: @mehlmanmedical
- Instagram: @mehlman_medical
Medical Conditions
- Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Combination of perioral melanosis (hyperpigmentation around the lips) and hamartomatous colonic polyps. USMLE frequently shows lip images. Key to identifying the polyps is hamartomatous.
- Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (autosomal dominant). NBME questions often include images of the mouth or fingernail showing telangiectasias. Patients may experience nosebleeds and GI bleeding, potentially leading to anemia.
- Plummer-Vinson syndrome: Triad of iron deficiency anemia, esophageal webs (dysphagia), and angular cheilitis (cracked corners of the mouth). Patients might also exhibit pica (eating non-nutritive substances) or koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails).
- Lip psoriasis: Possible USMLE mention on the upper lip or forehead; often misidentified.
- Aphthous ulcer: Painful, self-resolving sores on the inner lining of the mouth (labial mucosa).
- Kawasaki disease: Vasculitis characterized by fever, injected eyes, and/or lips/tongue, cervical lymphadenopathy, and edema of the hands/feet, along with desquamation of palms/soles. USMLE questions usually don't include coronary artery aneurysms.
- Perioral impetigo: Superficial skin infection around the mouth, frequently appearing as pustules (often confused with herpes).
- Herpes labialis: Oral herpes; commonly indicated by fever and regional lymphadenopathy. Recurring infections are less severe. Key is "DNA, enveloped, linear."
- Scarlet fever: Characterized by a strawberry tongue and a fine maculopapular body rash.
- Hand-foot-mouth: Benign infection presenting with sores in the mouth, as well as the hands and feet. Caused by Coxsackie A virus.
- Herpangina: Caused by Coxsackievirus; causes oral ulcers.
- Koplik spots (measles): White-to-blue spots in the oral mucosa.
- Sialolithiasisis: Stones in the salivary glands (most often parotid).
- Leukoplakia: White and painless lesions on the oral mucosa.
- Oral hairy leukoplakia: Benign condition appearing as white plaques that may cause bleeding. Directly related to infection by the Epstein-Barr virus.
- Oropharyngeal candidiasis: Seen in immunocompromised patients. Common cause of odynophagia (difficult swallowing).
- Pleomorphic adenoma: Most common benign salivary gland tumor; presence of variable cell types.
- Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: A common type of malignant salivary gland tumor.
- Warthin tumor: Benign salivary gland tumor in which lymphoid stroma is prominent.
- Hiatal hernia: Herniation of the upper stomach through the diaphragm.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Irritation of esophageal mucosa from gastric acid.
- Barrett esophagus: Metaplasia of the esophageal mucosa, characterized by the presence of intestinal columnar epithelium. It is a risk factor for esophageal cancer.
- Adenocarcinoma: Malignant tumor of the glands.
- Squamous cell carcinoma: Malignant tumor of squamous cells.
- Zenker diverticulum: An outpouching of the esophagus above the esophageal sphincter.
- Achalasia: Inability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax correctly.
- Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): Autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of many organs .
- Esophageal perforation: Hole in the esophagus that is usually caused by trauma, endoscopic procedures, or straining.
- Mallory-Weiss tear: Tear in the esophageal mucosa due to vomiting or straining usually present in alcoholics.
- Esophageal varices: Enlarged and tortuous superficial esophageal veins due to portal hypertension.
- Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES): Spasms of the esophagus that create chest pains mimicking angina.
- Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): Allergic condition of the esophagus (can be identified by the presence of eosinophils in the esophageal tissue).
- Cholelithiasis: Gallstones.
- Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder (often due to gallstones).
- Choledocholithiasis: Gallstones in the common bile duct.
- Gallstone pancreatitis: Gallstones in the common bile duct block the hepatopancreatic ampulla, leading to the backflow of pancreatic enzymes causing pancreatitis.
- Cholangitis: Infection of the bile ducts.
- Acute pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas.
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Description
This quiz covers important aspects of salivary gland tumors, including benign and malignant types, as well as common esophageal disorders. It addresses diagnostic tools, symptoms, and associated risks in various conditions. Test your knowledge on these critical clinical topics!
