Questions and Answers
What advantage does saliva offer over serum in diagnostic procedures?
Which of the following is NOT a property of saliva as a diagnostic fluid?
What inorganic compound in stimulated saliva has a range of 20-80 mmol/l?
What is a potential use of saliva in medical diagnostics?
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How does the composition of saliva affect its diagnostic utility?
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Which inorganic compound is present at the lowest concentration in unstimulated saliva?
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What characteristic of saliva enhances its role in real-time diagnostics?
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Why are changes in saliva composition significant for researchers?
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Which salivary biomarker is strongly connected to the inflammatory potential observed in periodontal disease?
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What role does Tumor Necrosis Factor play in periodontal disease?
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Which biomarker is associated with tissue destruction in periodontal disease?
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What is a common feature associated with high levels of microRNAs like miR-200a, miR-125a, and miR-31 in salivary analysis?
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Which salivary biomarker is noted for having positive tumor-specific DNA in all patients diagnosed with oral cancer?
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How does the p53 protein relate to malignancy development?
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What can high levels of the IL-1beta biomarker indicate?
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Which biomarker mentioned is known for being related to hypermethylation and high levels of tumor presence?
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What is the significance of elevated salivary HO-1 concentrations in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence the evaluation of biomarkers in orofacial pain conditions?
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Which condition is NOT typically associated with chronic orofacial pain?
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The presence of which type of inclusions is found in the dopaminergic neurons affected by Parkinson's disease?
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What is the estimated 1-month prevalence rate of self-reported orofacial pain according to population-based studies?
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Which of the following biomarkers were found in high levels in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)?
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The formation of which types of inclusions signals the degeneration occurring in dopaminergic neurons?
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What role does salivary cortisol potentially play in patients diagnosed with OSCC?
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Which method shows potential for differentiating various conditions associated with orofacial pain?
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Which cancer types were associated with high levels of cancer antigen CA125 in saliva?
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Which of the following factors makes the treatment of orofacial pain conditions challenging?
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What is the significance of understanding the transcriptome and proteome in saliva for cancer diagnosis?
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Which cytokine levels were reported to be increased in atherosclerosis according to the studies?
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What percentage of oral cancer cases globally is represented by oral squamous cell carcinoma?
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Which substance was identified as an important biomarker in the study of oral cancer?
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What is one of the primary reasons early diagnosis is emphasized in cancer management?
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What is the primary function of lysozyme in the oral cavity?
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How does salivary IgA contribute to the management of bacterial infections in children with severe ECC?
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In the studies discussed, what association was found between lysozyme levels and S.mutans?
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What are the potential antiviral and antifungal properties of lysozyme characterized as?
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Which salivary immunoglobulin primarily inhibits the growth and acid production of S.mutans?
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Which of the following studies indicated higher salivary IgG levels among children with ECC?
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What is one effect lysozyme has on cariogenic microorganisms?
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What does the controversy regarding salivary IgG and IgM as biomarkers for caries indicate?
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Study Notes
Saliva as a Diagnostic Fluid
- Saliva is a cost-effective diagnostic tool with real-time values.
- Multiple samples can be obtained easily with less manipulation.
- Saliva composition changes reflect various oral and systemic diseases.
Comparison of Inorganic Compounds
- Saliva has different inorganic compound concentrations compared to plasma.
- Sodium (Na+): Whole unstimulated saliva (5 mmol/l) vs. plasma (145 mmol/l).
- Potassium (K+): Higher in saliva (22 mmol/l) than plasma (4 mmol/l).
- Chloride (Cl−): 15 mmol/l in saliva vs. 120 mmol/l in plasma.
- Calcium (Ca2+): Similar levels in saliva (1-4 mmol/l) compared to plasma (2.2 mmol/l).
Salivary Biomarkers for Diseases
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Periodontal Disease
- IL-1 and IL-6 have strong relations with periodontal disease.
- Tumor necrosis factor influences bone collagen synthesis.
- Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 involved in immune response and tissue destruction.
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Oral Cancer
- Tumor-specific DNA identified in 100% of oral cancer patients’ saliva.
- High levels of IL-8 and several microRNAs (miR-200a, miR-125a, miR-31) correlate with oral cancer.
- p53 antibodies found in saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Cardiovascular Disease
- Salivary levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α are elevated in patients with atherosclerosis.
- Increased prostaglandin E2 also noted in cardiovascular disease contexts.
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Parkinson’s Disease
- Higher salivary levels of HO-1 detected in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease patients.
- Salivary analysis can differentiate patients from non-neurological controls effectively.
Viral Infections and Saliva
- Salivary biomarkers can identify viral infections using viral DNA.
- Relation to chronic orofacial pain conditions, including TMJ myalgia and atypical odontalgia.
Role of Lysozyme in Oral Health
- Lysozyme serves as an antibacterial agent against gram-positive bacteria in saliva.
- Plays a role in preventing inflammation by reducing cariogenic microbes.
- Variability in research outcomes regarding salivary IgG and IgM as caries biomarkers.
General Significance
- Saliva can potentially serve as a non-invasive screening and diagnostic tool for various diseases.
- Holds promise for evaluating multiple biomarkers for improved clinical utility in diagnostics.
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Description
This quiz explores the advantages of using saliva as a diagnostic fluid compared to serum. It discusses the factors that contribute to its effectiveness, including cost, real-time diagnostic values, and ease of sampling. Delve into the significance of salivary glands and oral mucosal transudate in diagnostics.
