Saliva and Salivation

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following percentages best represents the organic/inorganic substance content of saliva?

  • 99%
  • 25%
  • 5%
  • 1% (correct)

Which of the following best describes the expected daily volume of saliva production in a healthy adult?

  • 0.1 – 0.25 liters
  • 1-1.5 liters (correct)
  • 2-3 liters
  • 5-6 liters

Which major salivary gland contributes the most to total salivary volume?

  • Sublingual gland
  • Submandibular gland (correct)
  • Minor salivary glands
  • Parotid gland

In 'whole' saliva, which of the following components is LEAST likely to be found compared to 'pure' saliva directly from the glands?

<p>Immunoglobulins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with a low salivary pH are typically at higher risk for caries due to what?

<p>Enamel demineralization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins found in saliva has antibacterial properties and aids in bacterial disposal?

<p>Immunoglobulins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes found in saliva begins the breakdown of cooked starches?

<p>Amylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The viscosity of saliva is mainly attributed to which component?

<p>Mucin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which waste product found in saliva can neutralize acids, helping to buffer the oral environment?

<p>Urea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary role of ions, as inorganic components in saliva?

<p>Buffering effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion, when present in saliva, aids in the remineralization process and makes teeth more resistant to decay?

<p>Fluoride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The levels of which gas component in saliva may be associated with calculus formation?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do glyco-proteins in saliva mainly contribute to the protection of the oral cavity?

<p>By lubricating and waterproofing soft tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to initiating starch digestion, what other role does salivary amylase have in the digestive process?

<p>Forming the bolus for swallowing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the tooth pellicle derived from saliva, on the caries process?

<p>Forms a barrier against acid attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cleansing action of which type of saliva aids in removing food and bacterial debris from the oral cavity?

<p>Serous saliva (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During periods of higher salivary flow, such as while eating, the number of which ions increases to help maintain pH balance?

<p>Bicarbonate ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of caries formation, what occurs when the pH of plaque fluid falls below 5.5?

<p>Demineralization begins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does sympathetic stimulation play in salivation?

<p>Reduces salivary flow due to vasoconstriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?

<p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, carries what type of innervation to the parotid gland?

<p>Sympathetic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue travels via which nerve pathway before reaching the brain?

<p>Lingual nerve to the submandibular ganglion, then via the chorda tympani to the facial nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue travels primarily via which cranial nerve?

<p>Glossopharyngeal (IX) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Xerostomia is described as what?

<p>Reduced or absent saliva (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimulates an increase in saliva flow?

<p>Mastication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can decrease saliva flow?

<p>Alcohol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the buffering action of ions in saliva is effective and the pH rises in the mouth, what process is the direct result?

<p>The mineral ions in plaque fluid exceed its capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location where post-synaptic fibers run along from the ganglion along with branches of the maxillary division?

<p>The hard palate, soft palate and pharyngeal glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the parotid gland with sympathetic supply of the auriculotemporal nerve?

<p>The otic ganglion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerve carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue to the submandibular ganglion then travels with the chorda tympani?

<p>The lingual nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By which route does saliva have the potential to spread COVID-19 and Herpes Simplex?

<p>Direct Contact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a dental context, during enamel demineralization mineral ions shift from which site to the other?

<p>Shift from Enamel to Plaque Fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the composition of saliva?

<p>99% Water, 1% Substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition could be indicated by low resting saliva?

<p>High Caries Risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Of the following which does not increase saliva production? Mastication, Oral Irritation, Gingivitis or Fear

<p>Fear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes saliva’s function when it comes to tasting?

<p>Taste detected in fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the processes of calculus formation, which substance plays the role?

<p>Phosphatase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saliva plays crucial roles in tooth's immunity and maintenance. Which substance strengthens and repairs enamel?

<p>Ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There’s something known as the ionic buffer system which functions to maintain oral health. How is this achieved?

<p>The balancing of ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When saliva is at a higher pH, what oral condition is more likely to occur?

<p>Calculus formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the salivary pellicle?

<p>Acts as a preventive barrier against acid attacks, but can also enable plaque adherence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the rates of saliva production typically change from day to night?

<p>Production decreases to approximately 10ml at night (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bicarbonate ions present in saliva?

<p>To neutralize acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lingual nerve in taste perception?

<p>Conveys taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue to the submandibular ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The levels of which gas influences calculus formation?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ammonia, a waste product found in saliva, is produced from what?

<p>Urea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of sympathetic stimulation on salivation?

<p>Reduces salivary flow, often related to vasoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

<p>Lingual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of saliva that primarily impacts the perception of taste?

<p>Dissolving substances so they can be detected by taste receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is saliva?

A colourless, slightly sticky solution produced by the salivary glands, consisting of water, organic, and inorganic substances.

Saliva sources by gland

The submandibular glands contribute the most, followed by the parotid, sublingual, and minor salivary glands.

Saliva composition

99% water, 1% organic and inorganic substances

pH of saliva

Resting pH ranges from 6.7-7.4 and it varies depending on diet and time of day.

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Lysozyme

Lysozyme destroys bacteria by lysis.

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Amylase

Breaks down cooked starches.

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Mucin

Proteins that give saliva its viscous/sticky consistency.

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Urea

Neutralize acids.

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Ions

Buffering effect and maintain pH levels.

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Bicarbonate

Buffers by maintaining the pH.

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Protective functions of Saliva

Lubricates and waterproofs soft tissues, helps speech, maintains healthy mucosa and forms the salivary pellicle. Cleanses by removing food and bacterial debris.

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Buffering function of Saliva

Maintains pH, making environment unsuitable for bacterial colonisation, neutralizing acids and alkalis.

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Taste function of Saliva

Taste sensation occurs when substances are in solution. When someone has xerostomia, taste sensation is impaired.

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Antimicrobial function of saliva

Proteins and Ig's help prevent colonization by destroying harmful bacteria.

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Saliva Quantity

Quantity changes day/night, on stimulation, with drugs or illnesses. Minimal at night.

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Impact of pH on plaque

pH falls below 6.0 the solubility limit of plaque fluid increases, reducing calcium and phosphate concentrations.

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Demineralization process

The solubility limit of the plaque fluid exceeds calcium and phosphate ion products, enamel begins to demineralise.

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Remineralisation process

Additional mineral ions in the plaque fluid exceeds capacity to hold them in solution, enamel will remineralise.

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Salivation mechanism

Salivation is a reflex mechanism stimulated by sight, smell taste.

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Sympathetic stimulation

Reduces salivary flow due to vasoconstriction.

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Parasympathetic stimulation

Increases salivary flow due to vasodilation.

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Sympathetic Supply to Palate

From the internal carotid artery to the sphenopalatine ganglion branches.

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Parasympathetic supply to palate

From the superior salivary nucleus of the brain via the facial (7th) nerve to the sphenopalatine ganglion.

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Sympathetic supply to submandibular glands

From the facial artery via the submandibular ganglion and lingual nerve.

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Parasympathetic submandibular supply

From the superior salivary nucleus of the brain to the submandibular ganglion.

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Sympathetic supply to parotid gland

From the middle meningeal artery via the otic ganglion and the auriculotemporal nerve.

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Parasympathetic parotid gland

From the inferior salivary nucleus of the brain to the otic ganglion

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Anterior Two-Thirds

Taste buds via the lingual nerve.

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Posterior third taste supply

Tongue via the glossopharyngeal.

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Factors with Saliva Reduction

Conditions that lead to reduced saliva flow.

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Hypersalivation

Medical conditions that can cause excess saliva production.

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Xerostomia

Medical condition with dry mouth due to a reduction or absence of saliva.

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Saliva route transmission

Medical professionals must be careful of transmission of viruses through saliva.

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Transmitted diseases through Saliva

COVID-19, Hep B, Hep C, Herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr virus, Tuberculosis

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Study Notes

  • This lecture provides an overview of saliva and its function, along with the process of salivation
  • GDC ILOs 1.1.5 and 1.1.6 relate to describing anatomy and physiology and their application to patient management
  • Related topics include embryology, salivary glands, xerostomia, skull, and regional anatomy

Learning Outcomes

  • List organic and inorganic components of saliva and describe their function
  • Describe the functions of saliva
  • Describe the mechanism of salivation
  • Outline factors impacting salivary flow

What is Saliva

  • Saliva can be described as a colorless slightly sticky solution produced by the salivary glands.
  • Saliva is either serous or mucous in consistency
  • Between 1-1.5 liters of saliva are produced every 24 hours

Sources of Saliva

  • Major and minor salivary glands produce varying amounts of saliva
  • Submandibular glands contribute 60-65% of total saliva volume
  • Parotid glands contribute 25% of total saliva volume
  • Sublingual glands contribute 5-10% of total saliva volume
  • Minor salivary glands contribute less than 10% of total saliva volume

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