Sales Strategies and Psychological Principles Quiz

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Questions and Answers

How can inconsistency affect a salesperson's strategy?

  • It has no impact on sales interactions.
  • It encourages customer loyalty.
  • It facilitates larger commitments from customers.
  • It can lead to diminished trust and lost sales. (correct)

Which principle suggests that positive labeling can influence customer behavior?

  • Pygmalion Effect
  • Self-fulfilling Prophecies
  • Labelling (correct)
  • Social Proof

What is the main idea behind the Pygmalion Effect in sales?

  • Higher expectations can improve customer performance. (correct)
  • Higher expectations can reduce customer interaction.
  • Lower expectations often lead to better sales.
  • Expectations do not influence sales outcomes.

Which strategy can enhance cooperation between salespeople and customers?

<p>Building cooperative relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social proof influence potential customers?

<p>By encouraging them to follow others' behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the AIDA framework an acronym for?

<p>Attention, Interest, Desire, Action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the reciprocity principle in sales suggest?

<p>Giving a gift can create an obligation to reciprocate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which selling approach focuses on customers applying intensive cognitive elaboration and rational choice?

<p>Cognition based selling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the principle of scarcity be applied in marketing?

<p>By emphasizing exclusive or limited-time products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the yes-funnel in sales psychology?

<p>To build trust and connection through leading questions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of selling relies on emotional responses to stimuli from the salesperson?

<p>Stimulus-response selling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the transition in the AIDA framework?

<p>It involves providing a sequence of appropriate sales messages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of selling emphasizes the customer's problems and the supplier's solutions?

<p>Cognition based selling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a low level of adaptive selling?

<p>Using the same sales presentation in all encounters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the ability to think while making sales decisions?

<p>Sound financial background (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of sales training?

<p>Developing instincts and routines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which communication style is characterized by empathy and relationship-building?

<p>Supportive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual exhibits high sociability and high dominance?

<p>Emotive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a recommended approach in adaptive selling?

<p>Using a single fixed price for all clients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal when working with a client in a sales scenario?

<p>To align with a common goal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which communication style focuses on efficiency and results?

<p>Directive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the seller’s lowest acceptable price for the established business?

<p>$190 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the buyer’s highest acceptable price for the established business?

<p>$160 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional payment is agreed upon if annual sales of the new drug reach $30 million within three years?

<p>$80 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the contingency affect the seller's valuation?

<p>It creates an additional $64 million of value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term ZOPA refer to in this negotiation context?

<p>Zone of Possible Agreement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the 90 percent chance associated with in the seller's valuation?

<p>Chance of failure in sales (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should one always make the first offer in negotiations?

<p>It establishes an anchor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the expected payment from the contingency viewed by the seller?

<p>$72 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the research conducted by the team from Trier University and ESCP Business School Berlin?

<p>The influence of English as a foreign language on creativity in teams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of adaptive selling?

<p>Prospecting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the interactive team experiments, teams were tested in which two languages?

<p>German and English (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following variables were investigated in the research study?

<p>Context variables, process variables, and outcome variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tactic involves modifying communication based on the buyer's situation?

<p>Adaptive selling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the findings related to foreign language competence in the study?

<p>It influences the use of negotiation tactics and the creative potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of adaptive selling, what is the purpose of asking probing questions?

<p>To discover the customer's pains and pleasures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should occur during the 'Pre-Approach' step in adaptive selling?

<p>Creating an impression of the customer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many students participated in the computer-aided negotiation simulations conducted by ESCP?

<p>400 students from around 45 countries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of survey questions in sales?

<p>To identify customer issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Close' stage in adaptive selling involve?

<p>Securing a commitment from the customer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of strategy formulation in adaptive selling?

<p>Selecting a strategic objective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected during the Follow-up step in the adaptive selling process?

<p>Assessing customer satisfaction and relationship maintenance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Consistency

The tendency of individuals to prefer maintaining consistency in their actions and beliefs. In sales, this can be used by securing small commitments from customers, leading to larger commitments over time.

Cooperation

The belief that cooperation among individuals fosters a sense of community and shared goals. In sales, cultivating cooperative relationships with customers can lead to trust and lasting partnerships.

Labeling

Labeling can influence behavior. Positive labeling can encourage customers to act in accordance with that label. Salespeople can affirm positive traits in customers to encourage them to make purchases aligned with those traits.

Self-fulfilling Prophecies

Expectations shape outcomes. Salespeople who believe a customer will purchase, their behavior may influence the customer to buy. Emphasizes maintaining a positive outlook in sales interactions.

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Pygmalion Effect

Higher expectations result in improved performance. In sales, treating customers with kindness and respect can lead to better interactions and increased sales.

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The Yes Funnel

A sales technique using questions designed to elicit positive responses. This builds trust and rapport between salesperson and potential buyer.

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Mental-States Selling

A sales approach that focuses on the buyer's mental states through a sequential process.

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AIDA Framework

A widely used framework used in mental-states selling that outlines the four stages a buyer typically goes through. 

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Emotion Based Selling (Stimulus-Response)

This sales approach relies on stimulating desired responses from customers through various triggers like product features, visuals, or discounts.

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Cognition Based Selling (Complex Selling)

This sales approach emphasizes understanding the buyer's needs, analyzing their reasoning, and presenting solutions tailored to their specific requirements.

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Reciprocity in Sales

The idea that people feel obligated to return favors received, which can be used to build customer loyalty by giving gifts or small gestures.

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Scarcity in Sales

The principle of scarcity suggests that people value items more when they believe those items are in limited availability, leading to increased demand.

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Cognition Based Selling

An approach that focuses on the buyer's rational thinking and their need to fulfill a specific purpose with a product.

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Adaptive Selling

The ability to adjust and change one's sales approach based on the specific situation and customer, rather than using a single standardized presentation.

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Sales Instincts

The unconscious process of making quick decisions based on past experiences and ingrained patterns.

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Need Discovery

Identifying and understanding the customer's needs and wants before presenting any solutions or products.

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Win-Win Situation

A win-win approach in sales where both the salesperson and the customer feel they have benefited from the interaction.

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Supportive Communication Style

A communication style that focuses on building rapport and fostering empathy. It prioritizes harmony and understanding over pushing for immediate results.

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Emotive Communication Style

A communication style that is highly expressive, enthusiastic, and engaging. It thrives on open communication and emotional connection.

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Reflective Communication Style

A communication style that values logic, analysis, and planning. It focuses on details, structure, and cautious decision-making.

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Directive Communication Style

A communication style that is decisive, assertive, and results-oriented. It favors directness, control, and efficiency over building relationships.

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Prospecting

The initial step in the adaptive selling process, where salespeople identify potential customers who might benefit from their products or services.

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Pre-Approach

The process of gathering information about potential customers before contacting them, including their needs, challenges, and potential interests.

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Approach

The first interaction between a salesperson and a potential customer, where they introduce themselves, their company, and their value proposition.

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Presentation

Presenting the value proposition to the customer in a convincing and engaging way, highlighting the benefits and addressing any potential concerns.

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Overcoming Objections

Addressing objections raised by the customer in a professional and persuasive manner, providing solutions and re-framing concerns as opportunities.

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Close

The point at which the salesperson asks the customer to make a decision and commit to a purchase.

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Follow-up

The follow-up after the sale, ensuring customer satisfaction, building a long-term relationship, and identifying potential opportunities for future sales.

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CREATE-ET Project

A research project examining how using a foreign language (English) in team settings, especially negotiations, affects creativity and negotiation outcomes.

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Negotiation Tactics

Negotiation tactics used to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. Examples include compromise, bargaining, and persuasion.

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Integrative Potential

The ability to find creative solutions that benefit both parties in a negotiation, maximizing the joint gain.

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Foreign Language Influence on Negotiations

Research conducted to identify the relationship between a foreign language competency, negotiation tactics, and the success of a negotiation.

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Context Variables

Variables related to the participants and the environment of a negotiation, such as cultural background, industry, and negotiation experience.

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Seller's Lowest Acceptable Price

The lowest price a seller is willing to accept for a deal. It takes into account all potential outcomes, including the likelihood of success and failure.

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Buyer's Highest Acceptable Price

The highest price a buyer is willing to pay for a deal. It represents the maximum value the buyer is willing to assign to the deal's potential.

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Zone Of Possible Agreement (ZOPA)

The difference between the buyer's highest acceptable price and the seller's lowest acceptable price. It represents the range of prices where both parties can potentially agree to a deal.

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Contingency Value

A provision in a contract that ties a future payment to the achievement of specific performance targets. It helps bridge the gap between buyer and seller valuations.

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Expected Value

A value assigned to a deal based on uncertain future outcomes. The value is estimated by considering the probability of different scenarios and their associated outcomes.

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Anchoring

A strategy in negotiation where the first party to make an offer sets a psychological anchor that influences subsequent negotiations. It helps to frame the negotiation in their favor.

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Study Notes

The Art of Selling and Negotiation

  • Behavioral psychology, "yes-funnel" approach involves asking leading questions to build trust and rapport, increasing connection.

  • AIDA framework (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action) sequences steps for the buying process, with sales messages bridging mental states.

  • Emotion-based selling (stimulus-response) uses stimuli to elicit predictable responses, while cognition-based selling (complex) emphasizes customer needs and rational choices.

  • Sales psychology principles include reciprocity (feeling obligated to return favors), scarcity (high value on limited items), consistency (desire for consistent actions), cooperation (building community and trust), labeling (positive labels influence behavior), self-fulfilling prophecies (expectations shape outcomes), and social proof (following others' actions).

Customer Segmentation

  • Customer segmentation divides plans for certain customer profiles, creating homogeneous groups (e.g., student plans vs. family plans).

  • Segmentation considers psychographic (interests, etc.) and demographic factors (age, race).

Complex Selling Matrix

  • A matrix categorizes customer problems (e.g., "clear" or "less clear") and corresponding sales approaches (e.g., "match a need," "trial & error").

  • Different industries (e.g., retail, project management) and corresponding sales skills are considered.

Adaptive Selling

  • Adaptive selling involves modifying sales behaviors based on perceived information during interactions (Spiro & Weitz 1990).

  • This is contrasted with non adaptive selling where the same approach is used in all situations.

  • Seven steps of adaptive selling include prospecting (finding new customers), pre-approach (researching customer), approach (building rapport with customer), presentation (selling benefits and attributes), overcoming objections, closing (getting commitment), and follow-up (maintenance).

  • Key communication styles (e.g., supportive, emotive, reflective, directive) influence effectiveness and customer interactions.

Negotiation

  • 1st Class: Team Negotiation (Pepulator): The prisoner's dilemma illustrates scenarios where individual rationality leads to suboptimal outcomes. Dominant strategy, Pareto Optimal (focus on group benefit), and social dilemma are explored through game simulations.

  • 2nd Class: "Hamilton Real Estate": Negotiations involve strategies, assessing best alternatives to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), calculating reservation values, and analyzing the zone of possible agreement (ZOPA) for successful outcomes.

  • Contingency Contracts: Strategies for complex agreements featuring conditional payments (e.g., based on future events).

Key Concepts

  • Anchoring effect: Prior information influences subsequent judgments.

  • Reciprocal concessions: Negotiating parties often respond to concessions with similar concessions.

  • First offer: Offers an anchoring point often influencing subsequent negotiation outcomes.

  • Win-win outcomes: Integrative negotiation prioritizes solutions beneficial for all parties.

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