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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of depressive symptoms in a specific disorder?
What is a characteristic of depressive symptoms in a specific disorder?
What is the range of lux used in phototherapy for depression?
What is the range of lux used in phototherapy for depression?
What score range indicates a high risk on the SADPERSONS scale?
What score range indicates a high risk on the SADPERSONS scale?
What is a relative contraindication for Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
What is a relative contraindication for Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
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What is a common side effect of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
What is a common side effect of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
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What factor decreases the seizure threshold in Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
What factor decreases the seizure threshold in Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
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What is the primary use of Phototherapy for depression treatment?
What is the primary use of Phototherapy for depression treatment?
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What does a score of 0-4 indicate on the SADPERSONS scale?
What does a score of 0-4 indicate on the SADPERSONS scale?
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What is an indication for Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
What is an indication for Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
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What is a mechanism of action of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
What is a mechanism of action of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
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Study Notes
SADPERSONS Scale for Suicidal Evaluation
- The SADPERSONS scale is used to assess suicide risk, with 10 yes/no questions, each scoring 1 point for affirmative answers.
- The score is then mapped to a risk assessment scale:
- 0-4: Low risk
- 5-6: Medium risk
- 7-10: High risk
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECTs)
- Indications for ECTs:
- Severe depressive disorder unresponsive to antidepressants
- Life-threatening depressive illness (high suicide risk)
- Stupor or catatonia
- Marked psychomotor retardation
- Psychotic depression
- Treatment-resistant mania
- Treatment-resistant schizophrenia
- Relative contraindications:
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Myocardial infarction
- Valvular heart diseases
- Aneurysm
- Recent stroke
- Severe peptic ulcer (increased risk of aspiration)
- Mechanism of action:
- Release of noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine, with reduction of acetylcholine release
- Increase in blood-brain barrier permeability
- Modulation of neurotransmitter receptors (e.g., GABA, acetylcholine)
- Side effects:
- Common: headache, muscle pain, jaw pain, drowsiness, loss of recent memories (retrograde amnesia), anterograde amnesia
- Less common: prolonged seizures, confusion, anesthesia complications, arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, and aspiration pneumonia
- Factors affecting seizure threshold:
- Increase: old age, male gender, baldness, Paget's disease, dehydration, previous ECT, and benzodiazepine treatment
- Decrease: caffeine, low CO2 saturation, hyperventilation, and ECT
Phototherapy for Depression
- Primarily used for seasonal affective disorders (mood disorder with seasonal pattern)
- Involves exposure to bright light (1500-10,000 lux or more)
- Often used in combination with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy
Learning Disorders (Specific Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills)
- Characterized by significant impairment in one or more scholastic skills, out of proportion to intellectual functioning
- Subtypes include:
- Specific reading disorder (dyslexia): impaired reading performance, with errors, slow reading speed, or comprehension difficulties
- Disorder of written expression (specific spelling disorder): frequent spelling mistakes, errors in grammar and punctuation, and poor handwriting
- Specific disorder of arithmetic skills: impaired arithmetic skills
- Mixed disorders of scholastic skills: impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic combined
- Associated problems may include inattention, hyperactivity, and emotional disturbances
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Description
Assess suicide risk using the SADPERSONS scale, which evaluates factors like depression, substance use, and social support. Calculate the score to determine the level of risk.
