42 Questions
What is the score range for a high risk assessment in the SADPERSONS scale?
7-10
Which of the following is a relative contraindication for Electroconvulsive therapy (ECTs)?
Valvular heart diseases
What is the mechanism of action of ECTs in releasing neurotransmitters?
Release of noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine
What is a common side effect of ECTs?
Headache
What is a factor that decreases seizure threshold in ECTs?
Caffeine
What is the primary use of phototherapy in depression treatment?
Seasonal affective disorders
How many yes/no questions are used to calculate the SADPERSONS score?
10
What is a rare side effect of ECTs?
Pulmonary embolism
What is the typical seasonal pattern for depressive symptoms in patients with a specific disorder?
Winter seasons with decreased daytime
What is the preferred treatment for depressed patients at high risk of suicide?
ECT
What is the characteristic feature of specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills?
Significant impairment in one or more scholastic skills
What is the subtype of learning disorder characterized by frequent spelling mistakes, errors in grammar and punctuation, and poor handwriting?
Disorder of written expression (specific spelling disorder)
What is the range of lux used in phototherapy for the treatment of depression?
1500-10,000 lux
What is the term used to describe the combination of impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic skills?
Mixed disorders of scholastic skills
What is the purpose of the SADPERSONS scale?
To evaluate the risk of suicide
Which of the following is not an indication for Electroconvulsive therapy (ECTs)?
Mild anxiety disorder
What is the effect of ECTs on acetylcholine release?
Decrease
What is a rare but serious complication of ECTs?
All of the above
What is the primary mechanism of action of ECTs?
All of the above
What is the typical duration of seizures during ECTs?
Less than 1 minute
What is the primary use of phototherapy in depression treatment?
Seasonal affective disorder
What is a factor that increases the seizure threshold in ECTs?
Dehydration
What is the primary reason for using a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the management of depressed patients?
To provide a comprehensive treatment approach
A child is diagnosed with a specific reading disorder. What is the most likely impairment in this child?
Impairment in reading comprehension
What is the primary feature that distinguishes specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills from other developmental disorders?
Impairment out of proportion to intellectual functioning
A patient with a specific disorder experiences depressive symptoms during winter seasons. What is the likely cause of these symptoms?
Decreased daylight hours
What is the primary goal of phototherapy in the treatment of depression?
To expose the patient to bright light
A child is diagnosed with a mixed disorder of scholastic skills. What is the most likely characteristic of this disorder?
Impairment in multiple scholastic skills
What is the primary purpose of the SADPERSONS scale in suicidal evaluation?
To identify the risk of suicide
Which of the following is a common side effect of ECTs that is related to memory?
Retrograde amnesia
What is the mechanism of action of ECTs that increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier?
Increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier
What is the primary indication for ECTs in patients with depression?
Severe depressive disorder that does not respond to antidepressants
What is the primary use of phototherapy in depression treatment?
Treatment of seasonal affective disorders
What is the effect of old age on seizure threshold in ECTs?
Increases seizure threshold
What is the primary risk associated with ECTs in patients with valvular heart disease?
Arrhythmia
What is the characteristic feature of patients with a seasonal affective disorder?
Depressive symptoms during winter seasons
What is the primary reason for using phototherapy in the management of depressive symptoms in patients with a specific disorder?
To compensate for decreased daytime during winter seasons
A child with a specific developmental disorder of scholastic skills may have which of the following associated problems?
Emotional disturbances
What distinguishes specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills from other developmental disorders?
Significant impairment in one or more scholastic skills out of proportion to intellectual functioning
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a specific reading disorder?
Slow reading speed and difficulty in comprehension
What is the primary goal of combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the management of depressed patients?
To reduce the severity of depressive symptoms
What is the term used to describe a specific developmental disorder characterized by impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic skills?
Mixed disorder of scholastic skills
Study Notes
SADPERSONS Scale for Suicidal Evaluation
- The SADPERSONS scale is used to assess suicide risk, with 10 yes/no questions, each scoring 1 point for affirmative answers.
- The score is then mapped to a risk assessment scale:
- 0-4: Low risk
- 5-6: Medium risk
- 7-10: High risk
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECTs)
- Indications for ECTs:
- Severe depressive disorder unresponsive to antidepressants
- Life-threatening depressive illness (high suicide risk)
- Stupor or catatonia
- Marked psychomotor retardation
- Psychotic depression
- Treatment-resistant mania
- Treatment-resistant schizophrenia
- Relative contraindications:
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Myocardial infarction
- Valvular heart diseases
- Aneurysm
- Recent stroke
- Severe peptic ulcer (increased risk of aspiration)
- Mechanism of action:
- Release of noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine, with reduction of acetylcholine release
- Increase in blood-brain barrier permeability
- Modulation of neurotransmitter receptors (e.g., GABA, acetylcholine)
- Side effects:
- Common: headache, muscle pain, jaw pain, drowsiness, loss of recent memories (retrograde amnesia), anterograde amnesia
- Less common: prolonged seizures, confusion, anesthesia complications, arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, and aspiration pneumonia
- Factors affecting seizure threshold:
- Increase: old age, male gender, baldness, Paget's disease, dehydration, previous ECT, and benzodiazepine treatment
- Decrease: caffeine, low CO2 saturation, hyperventilation, and ECT
Phototherapy for Depression
- Primarily used for seasonal affective disorders (mood disorder with seasonal pattern)
- Involves exposure to bright light (1500-10,000 lux or more)
- Often used in combination with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy
Learning Disorders (Specific Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills)
- Characterized by significant impairment in one or more scholastic skills, out of proportion to intellectual functioning
- Subtypes include:
- Specific reading disorder (dyslexia): impaired reading performance, with errors, slow reading speed, or comprehension difficulties
- Disorder of written expression (specific spelling disorder): frequent spelling mistakes, errors in grammar and punctuation, and poor handwriting
- Specific disorder of arithmetic skills: impaired arithmetic skills
- Mixed disorders of scholastic skills: impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic combined
- Associated problems may include inattention, hyperactivity, and emotional disturbances
SADPERSONS Scale for Suicidal Evaluation
- The SADPERSONS scale is used to assess suicide risk, with 10 yes/no questions, each scoring 1 point for affirmative answers.
- The score is then mapped to a risk assessment scale:
- 0-4: Low risk
- 5-6: Medium risk
- 7-10: High risk
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECTs)
- Indications for ECTs:
- Severe depressive disorder unresponsive to antidepressants
- Life-threatening depressive illness (high suicide risk)
- Stupor or catatonia
- Marked psychomotor retardation
- Psychotic depression
- Treatment-resistant mania
- Treatment-resistant schizophrenia
- Relative contraindications:
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Myocardial infarction
- Valvular heart diseases
- Aneurysm
- Recent stroke
- Severe peptic ulcer (increased risk of aspiration)
- Mechanism of action:
- Release of noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine, with reduction of acetylcholine release
- Increase in blood-brain barrier permeability
- Modulation of neurotransmitter receptors (e.g., GABA, acetylcholine)
- Side effects:
- Common: headache, muscle pain, jaw pain, drowsiness, loss of recent memories (retrograde amnesia), anterograde amnesia
- Less common: prolonged seizures, confusion, anesthesia complications, arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, and aspiration pneumonia
- Factors affecting seizure threshold:
- Increase: old age, male gender, baldness, Paget's disease, dehydration, previous ECT, and benzodiazepine treatment
- Decrease: caffeine, low CO2 saturation, hyperventilation, and ECT
Phototherapy for Depression
- Primarily used for seasonal affective disorders (mood disorder with seasonal pattern)
- Involves exposure to bright light (1500-10,000 lux or more)
- Often used in combination with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy
Learning Disorders (Specific Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills)
- Characterized by significant impairment in one or more scholastic skills, out of proportion to intellectual functioning
- Subtypes include:
- Specific reading disorder (dyslexia): impaired reading performance, with errors, slow reading speed, or comprehension difficulties
- Disorder of written expression (specific spelling disorder): frequent spelling mistakes, errors in grammar and punctuation, and poor handwriting
- Specific disorder of arithmetic skills: impaired arithmetic skills
- Mixed disorders of scholastic skills: impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic combined
- Associated problems may include inattention, hyperactivity, and emotional disturbances
SADPERSONS Scale for Suicidal Evaluation
- The SADPERSONS scale is used to assess suicide risk, with 10 yes/no questions, each scoring 1 point for affirmative answers.
- The score is then mapped to a risk assessment scale:
- 0-4: Low risk
- 5-6: Medium risk
- 7-10: High risk
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECTs)
- Indications for ECTs:
- Severe depressive disorder unresponsive to antidepressants
- Life-threatening depressive illness (high suicide risk)
- Stupor or catatonia
- Marked psychomotor retardation
- Psychotic depression
- Treatment-resistant mania
- Treatment-resistant schizophrenia
- Relative contraindications:
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Myocardial infarction
- Valvular heart diseases
- Aneurysm
- Recent stroke
- Severe peptic ulcer (increased risk of aspiration)
- Mechanism of action:
- Release of noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine, with reduction of acetylcholine release
- Increase in blood-brain barrier permeability
- Modulation of neurotransmitter receptors (e.g., GABA, acetylcholine)
- Side effects:
- Common: headache, muscle pain, jaw pain, drowsiness, loss of recent memories (retrograde amnesia), anterograde amnesia
- Less common: prolonged seizures, confusion, anesthesia complications, arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, and aspiration pneumonia
- Factors affecting seizure threshold:
- Increase: old age, male gender, baldness, Paget's disease, dehydration, previous ECT, and benzodiazepine treatment
- Decrease: caffeine, low CO2 saturation, hyperventilation, and ECT
Phototherapy for Depression
- Primarily used for seasonal affective disorders (mood disorder with seasonal pattern)
- Involves exposure to bright light (1500-10,000 lux or more)
- Often used in combination with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy
Learning Disorders (Specific Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills)
- Characterized by significant impairment in one or more scholastic skills, out of proportion to intellectual functioning
- Subtypes include:
- Specific reading disorder (dyslexia): impaired reading performance, with errors, slow reading speed, or comprehension difficulties
- Disorder of written expression (specific spelling disorder): frequent spelling mistakes, errors in grammar and punctuation, and poor handwriting
- Specific disorder of arithmetic skills: impaired arithmetic skills
- Mixed disorders of scholastic skills: impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic combined
- Associated problems may include inattention, hyperactivity, and emotional disturbances
This quiz evaluates the risk of suicide using the SADPERSONS scale which considers factors such as depression, substance abuse, and social support. The score is mapped to a risk assessment scale to determine the level of risk.
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