120 Questions
Which of the following is the leading cause of visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy?
Vitreous haemorrhage
What is the treatment for proliferative retinopathy?
Laser photocoagulation therapy
Which of the following is a complication of proliferative retinopathy that may cause neovascular glaucoma?
Rubeosis iridis
What is the age requirement for annual screening for diabetic retinopathy?
Over 11 years old
Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for diabetic encephalopathy?
Altered vascular supply of the brain
Which of the following is a common cause of non-traumatic adult amputation in the developed world?
Diabetic foot
What is the most common cause of adult kidney failure in the developed world?
Diabetic nephropathy
What is the association between diabetes and erectile dysfunction?
Men with diabetes are more likely to experience erectile dysfunction
What is the association between diabetes and periodontal disease?
Diabetes increases the risk of developing periodontal disease
Which of the following is a common symptom of diabetic neuropathy?
Decreased sensation in a 'glove and stocking' distribution
What is the main cause of diabetic foot problems?
Sensory neuropathy
Which of the following infections are diabetic patients with good glycemic control more prone to?
Tuberculosis
Which of the following is a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy?
All of the above
Why does poor glycemic control lead to increased susceptibility to infection?
Impaired neutrophil superoxide generation
What is the most common cause of blindness among non-elderly adults in the developed world?
Diabetic retinopathy
What is the recommended vaccination schedule for diabetic patients?
Pneumococcal vaccine and yearly influenza vaccine
What is the main aim in the management of diabetic foot problems?
Preservation of viable tissue
What is the main threat to the skin and subcutaneous tissues in diabetic foot ulcers?
Infection
What is the most appropriate treatment for diabetic retinopathy?
Laser treatment
What can diabetic retinopathy be divided into?
Non-proliferative retinopathy, proliferative retinopathy, maculopathy
Which of the following is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus?
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
What is the medical emergency characterized by unconsciousness in a patient with diabetes mellitus called?
Diabetic coma
Which of the following conditions is characterized by severe hyperglycemia, dehydration, shock, and exhaustion?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
What is the diagnosis based on blood tests finding a blood sugar greater than 30 mmol/L (600 mg/dL), osmolarity greater than 320 mOsm/kg, and a pH above 7.3?
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus?
Macrovascular disease
What is the term for the condition in which high blood sugar results in high osmolarity without significant ketoacidosis?
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Which of the following is likely to be under-recognized in older people with diabetes due to non-specific symptoms?
Hypoglycemia
What is the term for the loss of consciousness due to severe hypoglycemia?
Loss of consciousness
Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that leads to cardiovascular disease?
Macrovascular disease
Which of the following is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by accelerated atherosclerosis?
Macrovascular disease
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for Diabetes Mellitus in KSA?
Physical Activity
What is the recommended screening test for Diabetes Mellitus?
All of the above
What is the prevalence of goiter worldwide?
15.8%
What is the preferred strategy for the control of iodine deficiency disorders?
Universal salt iodization
What is the prevalence of obesity in KSA among adult females?
33.5%
What is the prevalence of obesity worldwide among adults?
1.9 billion
What is the most common cause of goiter?
Iodine deficiency
What is the recommended age for universal screening for prediabetes and diabetes?
45 years or older
What is the recommended screening interval for adults with normal results for prediabetes and diabetes?
3 years
What is the prevalence of diabetes among the urban population of KSA?
25.5%
Which classification system is used for Diabetes Mellitus to guide clinical care decisions, stimulate research, and provide a basis for epidemiological studies?
WHO classification
What is the main aim of diabetes management for diabetic foot problems?
Prevention of amputation
What is the most common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that leads to cardiovascular disease?
Diabetic retinopathy
What is the recommended age requirement for annual screening for diabetic retinopathy?
Above 60 years old
What is the main cause of diabetic foot problems?
Poor glycemic control
What is the term for the condition characterized by severe hyperglycemia, dehydration, shock, and exhaustion in patients with diabetes mellitus?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
What is the most common cause of blindness among non-elderly adults in the developed world?
Diabetic retinopathy
What is the term for the loss of consciousness due to severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus?
Insulin shock
What is the most common cause of adult kidney failure in the developed world?
Diabetic nephropathy
What is the diagnosis based on blood tests finding a blood sugar greater than 30 mmol/L (600 mg/dL), osmolarity greater than 320 mOsm/kg, and a pH above 7.3?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
What is the main cause of iodine deficiency disorders in Saudi Arabia?
Lack of iodized salt in the diet
What is the role of goitre in determining the prevalence and severity of iodine deficiency disorders?
Goitre is a symptom of iodine deficiency
Which organization has published guidelines on obesity in Saudi Arabia?
Ministry of Health (MOH)
What is the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease?
Diabetes increases the risk of periodontal disease
What is the leading cause of visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy?
Macular edema
What is the most common cause of adult kidney failure in the developed world?
Diabetic nephropathy
What is the term for the condition in which high blood sugar results in high osmolarity without significant ketoacidosis?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)
What is the most appropriate treatment for diabetic retinopathy?
Laser photocoagulation
What is the recommended vaccination schedule for diabetic patients?
Annual influenza vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination
What is the association between diabetes and erectile dysfunction?
Diabetes increases the risk of erectile dysfunction
Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by inadequate insulin production due to β-cells dysfunction?
Type-2 DM
What is the major factor contributing to the development of insulin resistance in type-2 DM?
Obesity
What is the relationship between fasting plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels and insulin resistance in type-2 DM?
Directly proportional
Which of the following hormones released by adipose tissue promotes hyperglycemia in obesity?
Adipokines
What is the major cause of β-cells dysfunction in type-2 DM?
FFA-induced lipotoxicity
What is the term for the condition characterized by severe hyperglycemia, dehydration, shock, and exhaustion in patients with diabetes mellitus?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
What is the most common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that leads to cardiovascular disease?
Vasculopathy
Which of the following is a specific criterion for diagnosing prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance)?
Elevated blood glucose level
What is the most common type of diabetes in children and people younger than 20 years?
Type-1 DM
What is the autoimmune process in type-1 DM characterized by?
Failure of self-tolerance in T-cells against β-cells
What is the percentage of cases of type-1 DM in the general population?
5-10%
What is the genetic factor most strongly associated with type-1 DM?
MHC (HLADR) genes
What is the term for the chronic autoimmune process in type-1 DM that starts years before manifestation?
Insulitis
What is the term for the destruction of β-cells in type-1 DM?
Polyuria
Which type of diabetes is characterized by the initial 2 years after the diagnosis requiring minimal insulin dose due to remaining β-cells?
Type 1 DM
What is the key mechanism leading to metabolic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Increased lipolysis
What are the main microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus?
Renal, retinal, and peripheral nervous system (PNS) diseases
Which of the following is a non-proliferative ophthalmic complication of diabetes mellitus?
Causing microanyorism and thickening of retinal capillaries
What are the three major changes involved in the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE)?
Formation of AGE, activation of protein kinase C, disturbance of polyol pathways
Which of the following is the most common sensory complication of diabetes mellitus?
Peripheral neuropathy
What is the morphological change in the size and numbers of islets in type-2 diabetes and infants of diabetic mothers?
Increased size and numbers of islets
Which of the following is the main cause of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy in diabetes mellitus?
Diffuse thickening of BM
What is the main cause of nodular glomerulosclerosis in diabetes mellitus?
Ball-like laminated matrix
What is the key player in the pathophysiology of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus?
Glucotoxicity
Which of the following is the most serious proliferative ophthalmic complication of diabetes mellitus?
Ischemia leading to retinal detachment and blindness
What is the main intracellular enzyme activated by calcium in the pathophysiology of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus?
Protein kinase C
Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for diabetic encephalopathy?
Microangiopathy
Which of the following is likely to be under-recognized in older people with diabetes due to non-specific symptoms?
Autonomic neuropathy
What is the main aim in the management of diabetic foot problems?
Preventing amputation
Which of the following is a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy?
All of the above
Which of the following is true about the relationship between calories and blood glucose?
Calories impact blood glucose levels but it is not the only determinant of whether a food is healthy or not.
Which of the following is a possible reason for a food to have high calories but low carbohydrates?
The food is high in fats.
Which of the following is a possible reason for a food to have high carbohydrates but low calories?
The food is high in sugars.
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of whether a food is healthy or not?
Exercise
Which of the following is a factor that can contribute to healthy food choices?
Sleep
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that can impact blood glucose levels?
Food labels
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible determinant of whether a food is healthy or not?
Exercise
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that can impact blood glucose levels?
Food labels
Which of the following is mentioned as a possible determinant of whether a food is healthy or not?
Life style
Which of the following is mentioned as a factor that can impact blood glucose levels?
Carb limits
Which type of diabetes is characterized by the initial 2 years after the diagnosis requiring minimal insulin dose due to remaining β-cells?
Type 1 diabetes
Which of the following conditions is characterized by severe hyperglycemia, dehydration, shock, and exhaustion?
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
What is the association between diabetes and periodontal disease?
Diabetes and periodontal disease have a reciprocal relationship
What is the most common cause of blindness among non-elderly adults in the developed world?
Diabetic retinopathy
What is the diagnosis based on blood tests finding a blood sugar greater than 30 mmol/L (600 mg/dL), osmolarity greater than 320 mOsm/kg, and a pH above 7.3?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
What is the major factor contributing to the development of insulin resistance in type-2 DM?
Obesity
What is the main cause of nodular glomerulosclerosis in diabetes mellitus?
Hyperglycemia
What is the main cause of diabetic foot problems?
Peripheral neuropathy
What are the main microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus?
Retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy
What is the estimated prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia?
7 million
What is the term for the chronic autoimmune process in type-1 DM that starts years before manifestation?
Insulitis
What is the rank of Saudi Arabia in terms of diabetes prevalence worldwide?
Seventh
How many people in Saudi Arabia have prediabetes?
3 million
What was the cost of diabetes care in the USA in 2012?
$245 billion
What percentage of the cost of diabetes care in the USA is for visits and medications?
21%
What is the main characteristic of Type 1 DM?
Complete lack of insulin
How much higher is the treatment cost for a diabetic patient compared to a normal individual in Saudi Arabia?
10 times
What is the main characteristic of Type 2 DM?
Insulin resistance
What are the main complications of diabetes?
Infections and decreased immunity
What is the primary prevention strategy for diabetes?
Healthy lifestyle
Test your knowledge on the complications of diabetes mellitus with this quiz by Dr. Ihsan Nasr Eldin. Learn about acute complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar state, hypoglycemia, and diabetic coma. Challenge yourself to identify the symptoms and emergency management of these complications.
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