Questions and Answers
Where in a cell is DNA found?
nucleus
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein is called a ____________________?
gene
What 4 bases make up DNA molecules?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
Describe the shape of a DNA molecule.
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What are the base pairing rules?
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What are the steps of DNA replication?
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The order of nitrogen bases determines the type of _____________________ that is assembled?
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What is the structure of DNA?
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What is the difference between an amino acid and a protein?
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What is the basic structure of a nucleotide?
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Why is the double helix shape in DNA important?
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When does DNA replication process occur in the cell cycle?
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What is the purpose of DNA replication?
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Explain the process of DNA replication.
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What does a gene code for?
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What determines what type of protein will be made?
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How does a cell produce proteins?
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What happens during protein synthesis?
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What is the role of the nucleus in protein synthesis?
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What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
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What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
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What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
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What is the role of amino acids in protein synthesis?
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What are the different kinds of RNA and what do they do specifically?
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Explain the step by step process of protein synthesis.
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What is the difference between DNA base pairs and RNA base pairs?
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What are the different types of mutations?
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What are the effects of mutations?
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What forms the genetic code?
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How can mutations affect an organism?
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What is the relationship between a gene, a DNA molecule, and a protein?
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Who were the three scientists that helped to discover and figure out the structure of DNA?
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Study Notes
DNA Location and Structure
- DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell.
- It is structured as a double helix, resembling a twisted ladder.
Genetic Information
- A gene is a DNA segment that encodes for a protein.
- DNA consists of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
- Base pairing rules dictate that A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
DNA Replication
- Occurs predominantly during mitosis for cell division.
- Involves three main steps: unzipping the DNA, pairing new bases with old ones, and forming sugar-phosphate backbones.
Protein Synthesis Process
- Protein synthesis entails using mRNA to produce proteins based on genetic information.
- Begins in the nucleus where mRNA copies DNA.
- mRNA travels to ribosomes in the cytoplasm for protein assembly.
- tRNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes, linking them according to mRNA code.
RNA Types and Functions
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic message from DNA to ribosomes.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports specific amino acids to ribosomes.
Mutations
- Mutations may involve changes in DNA that can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
- They can result from errors during DNA replication or chromosomal inaccuracies during meiosis.
- Impact of mutations may affect protein production, influencing traits and survival.
Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
- The genetic code is determined by the sequence of nitrogen bases in genes, with groups of three coding for specific amino acids.
- Key for proper protein synthesis as it dictates the formation and sequence of proteins.
Historical Contributions
- Rosalind Franklin contributed to the understanding of DNA's spiral form.
- James Watson and Francis Crick were instrumental in elucidating the structural model of DNA.
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Description
Test your knowledge of DNA concepts with these flashcards focused on Chapter 4.4. This quiz covers essential topics including the location of DNA in cells, the structure of DNA, and the properties of genes. Perfect for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of molecular biology.