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What is defined as the discreet observation of persons, places and vehicles for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the identities or activities of criminals?
What is defined as the discreet observation of persons, places and vehicles for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the identities or activities of criminals?
Surveillance
What is the Latin word for the term 'arrest' which means 'cause to stop' and 'stay behind'?
What is the Latin word for the term 'arrest' which means 'cause to stop' and 'stay behind'?
Arrestare
Which of these are ways to make an arrest? (Select all that apply)
Which of these are ways to make an arrest? (Select all that apply)
What is the act of examining persons, documents, papers, and effects?
What is the act of examining persons, documents, papers, and effects?
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A search warrant must be issued by a judge personally.
A search warrant must be issued by a judge personally.
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What does the "doctrine of hot pursuit" refer to in regard to warrantless arrests?
What does the "doctrine of hot pursuit" refer to in regard to warrantless arrests?
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What kind of warrant is issued when there's no specific person to be arrested, but only descriptions based on victim or witness testimonies?
What kind of warrant is issued when there's no specific person to be arrested, but only descriptions based on victim or witness testimonies?
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What is a surprise invasion of a building or area, conducted legally with a search warrant or warrant of arrest, often in pursuit of a person reasonably believed to be guilty of a felony?
What is a surprise invasion of a building or area, conducted legally with a search warrant or warrant of arrest, often in pursuit of a person reasonably believed to be guilty of a felony?
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What is the principle that says "whenever two things touch each other, there is always a transfer of material from one to the other"?
What is the principle that says "whenever two things touch each other, there is always a transfer of material from one to the other"?
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What is the most important part of a sketch that is included in the finished sketch?
What is the most important part of a sketch that is included in the finished sketch?
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What is the most common method for searching an outdoor scene?
What is the most common method for searching an outdoor scene?
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What might be a more effective way to search a large area, especially if there's lots of vegetation or obstacles?
What might be a more effective way to search a large area, especially if there's lots of vegetation or obstacles?
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If you're searching a small space, what type of search might be most effective?
If you're searching a small space, what type of search might be most effective?
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What is the process of carefully following a subject to observe their activities, establish associations, or locate a wanted person?
What is the process of carefully following a subject to observe their activities, establish associations, or locate a wanted person?
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What is the type of undercover work where a surveillant pretends to be someone they're not in order to gather information?
What is the type of undercover work where a surveillant pretends to be someone they're not in order to gather information?
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What does the term 'corpus delicti' mean?
What does the term 'corpus delicti' mean?
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An extrajudicial confession is often sufficient to secure a conviction for a crime.
An extrajudicial confession is often sufficient to secure a conviction for a crime.
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What are the two types of people who might provide information to the police?
What are the two types of people who might provide information to the police?
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What type of informant is someone who wants to put themselves in a good light with the police by exposing criminal activity?
What type of informant is someone who wants to put themselves in a good light with the police by exposing criminal activity?
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What type of informant might provide information motivated by fear of reprisal or a desire to avoid punishment?
What type of informant might provide information motivated by fear of reprisal or a desire to avoid punishment?
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What is defined as any questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or deprived of their freedom?
What is defined as any questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or deprived of their freedom?
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What might be a possible motive for someone to provide information to the police? (Select all that apply)
What might be a possible motive for someone to provide information to the police? (Select all that apply)
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What is another term for "Shadowing" or "Tailing"?
What is another term for "Shadowing" or "Tailing"?
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What is the difference between fixed surveillance and moving surveillance?
What is the difference between fixed surveillance and moving surveillance?
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What is the type of evidence that helps to prove the crime actually took place?
What is the type of evidence that helps to prove the crime actually took place?
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The admissibility of sketches in court primarily depends on the quality of the drawing, regardless of other factors.
The admissibility of sketches in court primarily depends on the quality of the drawing, regardless of other factors.
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What is the type of sketch that shows the scene of the crime with the nearest surroundings?
What is the type of sketch that shows the scene of the crime with the nearest surroundings?
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What is the type of sketch that includes the positions and locations of evidence in the immediate scene?
What is the type of sketch that includes the positions and locations of evidence in the immediate scene?
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What is the type of sketch that shows the area around the crime scene?
What is the type of sketch that shows the area around the crime scene?
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What are the main reasons for creating a crime scene sketch? (Select all that apply)
What are the main reasons for creating a crime scene sketch? (Select all that apply)
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Who is typically responsible for preparing a crime scene sketch?
Who is typically responsible for preparing a crime scene sketch?
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What are some examples of methods for measuring a crime scene? (Select all that apply)
What are some examples of methods for measuring a crime scene? (Select all that apply)
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What is the legal term for the evidence that proves the crime actually took place?
What is the legal term for the evidence that proves the crime actually took place?
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What are the three phases in an interview?
What are the three phases in an interview?
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The "Mutt and Jeff" technique involves using two investigators, one sympathetic and the other harsh.
The "Mutt and Jeff" technique involves using two investigators, one sympathetic and the other harsh.
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What is the term used to describe the act of minimizing the culpability of a suspect and suggesting that a confession may reduce their sentence?
What is the term used to describe the act of minimizing the culpability of a suspect and suggesting that a confession may reduce their sentence?
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What is the term used to describe the process of blaming others for one's actions to avoid admitting guilt?
What is the term used to describe the process of blaming others for one's actions to avoid admitting guilt?
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What are some common signs of deception that an investigator might observe? (Select all that apply)
What are some common signs of deception that an investigator might observe? (Select all that apply)
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A well-designed interrogation room should be comfortable and relaxing to put the suspect at ease.
A well-designed interrogation room should be comfortable and relaxing to put the suspect at ease.
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What are some important features of a good interrogation room? (Select all that apply)
What are some important features of a good interrogation room? (Select all that apply)
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What is the name for the document that records the individuals who have handled and possessed evidence from the moment it was collected to final disposition?
What is the name for the document that records the individuals who have handled and possessed evidence from the moment it was collected to final disposition?
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When should a crime scene be released?
When should a crime scene be released?
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It is illegal for a police officer to use deadly force in an attempt to apprehend a suspect, even if the suspect is armed and posing a threat.
It is illegal for a police officer to use deadly force in an attempt to apprehend a suspect, even if the suspect is armed and posing a threat.
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Study Notes
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation
- Criminal investigation is a detailed examination or inquiry, usually in an official manner, to discover something or someone.
- Criminological sense, it is a patient, step-by-step (systematic) and careful (thorough) examination of something or someone.
- The term comes from the Latin word "vestigare," meaning "to tract or trace or probe" and "vestigium," which means "footprints.”
- Criminal investigation seeks all facts associated with a crime to determine the truth of what happened and who is responsible for a criminal incident.
- It is the collection and analysis of facts about persons, things and places, subject of a crime to identify the guilty party, locate the whereabouts of the guilty party, and provide admissible evidences to establish the guilt of parties involved in a crime.
- As an art, it is governed by intuition, felicity/inspiration and to a minor extent by chance. (a natural ability or power that makes it possible to know something without any proof).
- According to Hans Gross, it involves 95% perspiration, 3% inspiration and 2% luck.
- As a science, it involves the application of knowledge of forensic sciences in the process of identifying, locating, collecting, processing, and/or evaluating physical evidences.
- Goals include: determining whether a crime has been committed; legally obtaining information or evidence; identifying persons involved; arresting suspects; recovering stolen properties; and presenting the best possible case to the prosecutor.
- Kinds of criminal investigation include: Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention; and investigation while the suspect is "at large".
- Three phases of investigation: Preliminary, In-Depth, Concluding.
Key Principles in Criminal Investigation
- Recognition/identification: The identification of data, including physical elements, providing relevant information about the criminal case.
- Collection: The act of gathering the identified data and facts or physical elements relevant to the under investigation case.
- Preservation: Almost simultaneous with collection, preserving evidence in its original form, preventing contamination or destruction.
- Presentation: Presenting facts in the courtroom in a simple and efficient manner to convince the court of the evidence's validity and truthfulness.
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
- Deductive reasoning starts with a conclusion and works backward to prove it with facts.
- Inductive reasoning works from examining available facts to determine a conclusion.
Historical Background
- Code of Hammurabi (2100 BC): Created by King Hammurabi, prescribed savage punishment and implemented the lex talionis principle ("an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth").
- Codes during the Pre-Spanish Era: Kalantiaw Code (1433 AD, Panay) and Maragtas Code (1250 AD, Panay).
- Gendarme System (742-814): Created by Charlemagne (Charles the Great); agents of the crown who travel anywhere to bring anyone to justice.
- Babylon, Rome, Athens: Early methods of codified law and investigation.
- Time of Emperor Augustus (Roman Era): Praetorian Guard (first police officers), Praefectus Urbi, Vigiles of Rome.
- Time of Alfred the Great (Anglo Saxon Period): Mutual Pledge/Frank Pledge System, Ten Tithing, Tithing.
- Middle Ages: Creation of geographical divisions (Shires) controlled by the King, under Shire-Reeve/Sheriff governance.
- Alexander the Great: One of history's greatest military leaders, ruled over a vast European, North African and Asian empire (died in 323 BC).
- Fasces (Rome): Latin word meaning "bundles," ancient Roman symbol of higher magistrates' authority, worn by Lictors.
- Post Norman Period (1200-1500 AD, England): Statutes of Winchester, introducing rudimentary criminal justice system, Watch and Ward Act, Hue and Cry System, Parish Constable, weapons kept by male residents.
- Jonathan Wild (England, 1720): London's most effective criminal investigator, organized crime lord, and famous thief-catcher.
- Henry Fielding (England, 1750): Wrote “Tom Jones,” published "Inquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers,” creator of Bow Street Runners.
- John Fielding (England, 1753): Younger brother of Henry Fielding, took over control of Bow Street Court, known as “Blind Beak”, and allegedly able to recognize criminals by their voices.
- Patrick Colquhoun (1745-1820): Published "The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames," proposed creation of Thames River Police (Maritime Police).
- Eugene "Francois" Vidocq (1775-1857): Established a squad of ex-convicts to aid the Paris Police in investigating crimes, introduced the theory of "set a thief to catch a thief."
Criminal Identification
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Comparison: Identifying a person or thing by comparing recovered data from an investigation with existing records (e.g., photographs).
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Exclusion: Elimination process for identifying a person or thing.
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Characteristics easily changed: hair style, clothing, frequented places.
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Characteristics that may not easily change: gait, mannerisms, deformations.
Crime Scene Sketching and Measurements
- Importance of Sketches: Useful for questioning suspects and witnesses, writing investigative reports, and supplementing photographs.
- Admissibility of Sketches: Must be part of testimony, relate observed situation, correctly represent the crime scene.
- Types of Sketches include Sketch of Locality, Sketch of Grounds, Sketch of Cross-reference, and other relevant components like Title, Body, Nature, Location of Incident, and Date/Time of Incident, Compass Direction, Legend, and Signatory.
Crime Scene Search
- What is Crime Scene: The pivotal physical location of occurring.
- Principles of Criminal Investigations: Locard Principle and Jones Principle.
- Crime Scene Locations: Indoor, outdoor, nighttime, vehicle.
- Elements of a Sketch: Include Measurements, relevant objects, Essential Items, Victims' Identity, Time and Date, and Name/Signature of the official.
- Other terms: Includes Crime Scene Investigation (Methodology), Scene of Crime Operation (SOCO), First Responder (FR).
- Methods/Techniques of a Search: Strip/Line, Grid/Double Strip, Quadrant/Zone/Sector, Spiral, Wheel/Pie, Vehicle.
Surveillance
- Definition of Surveillance: Discreet observation of people, places, vehicles to gain information about criminal activities.
- Types of Surveillance: Fixed and Moving (by foot or transportation).
- Procedures and Tools of Fixed Surveillance: Using cameras (e.g., telephoto lens), binoculars, listening devices (e.g., wire tapping).
- Shadowing and Tailing: Following a subject to detect criminal activities.
- Roping: Undercover work assuming different roles and identities.
- Intelligence Organizations: Frequently asked intelligence organizations in various countries, including the USA, Soviet Union, UK, France, China, Israel and Philippines.
Arrest, Search, Seizure, and Raid
- Arrest: Defined as taking a person into custody to answer for a crime. Methods of Arrest:
- Warrant; 2. Warrantless
- Search: Examining people, documents, papers, and effects to unearth incriminating evidence.
- Requisites of Search Warrant: Issued upon probable cause; judge examines evidence; and the warrant describes the things to be seized. Who should witness a search? Methods of an arrest, and Types of Warrant
- Seizure: Taking custody of found goods.
- Raid: Surprise invasion of a property to apprehend a criminal or gather evidence. This must be lawful and based on a warrant.
- Composition of a Raid Team: Includes the head/commander, assistant commander, covering team, going in detail/entering team, vehicle in charge, Recorder, Photographer.
- "No one should be shot to kill without following due process"
- Don'ts in a Raid: include, taking unnecessary chances, preparation, safety, improper team, tear gas, excessive force, harming evidence.
Confession and Admission
- Confession: A declaration by the accused acknowledging guilt of a crime.
- Admission: A statement (oral or written) made by someone about the existence of a fact or relevant matter.
- Kinds of Confessions: Extra-judicial, Judicial.
- Distinction between Confessions vs. Admissions.
Informants and Informers
- Informants: Provide relevant information to the police, unmotivated by monetary gain.
- Informers: Provide police information on a regular basis, either paid or not.
- Types of Informants: Self-aggrandizing, Mercenary, Confidential, Double-Crosser, Rival-Elimination, Anonymous, False.
- Motives of Informants: vanity, civic mindedness, fear, repentance.
Interview/Interrogation
- Interview: Simple questioning of a person with information relevant to a crime
- Interrogation: Confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect to elicit a confession.
- Types of Interviews: Cognitive, Question-and-Answer.
- Essential rules for interrogations: Single questions, avoiding implied answers, keeping questions simple, considering their feelings, and the use of "yes or no" answers.
- Situations where witnesses may refuse to talk: Fear of reprisals, inconvenience, bias towards the police, avoiding publicity, and family restrictions.
- Stages in an Interview: Preparation, Approach, Warm Up, Cognitive.
- Qualities of a Good Interviewer: Forceful personality, psychological knowledge, ability to establish rapport, conversational skills, acting skills, humility.
- Types of Witnesses:
Criminal Investigation: Other Considerations
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Techniques in Interrogation: Emotional appeal, sympathetic approach, friendliness, trick and bluff techniques, feigning contact with family, line-up.
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Signs of Deception: Excessive sweating, facial color change, dry mouth, excessive breathing, avoidance of eye contact.
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Interrogation Room considerations: Privacy, interruption dispel, simplicity, lights, wall, doors, recorder, camera, chair, and table.
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