Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a Cronbach's alpha score of .88 indicate about Dr. Suzuki's measure of optimism?
What does a Cronbach's alpha score of .88 indicate about Dr. Suzuki's measure of optimism?
What was the correlation between the optimism scores at the beginning and the end of the term?
What was the correlation between the optimism scores at the beginning and the end of the term?
Which of the following statements best describes the correlation found between conscientiousness and employee lateness?
Which of the following statements best describes the correlation found between conscientiousness and employee lateness?
What did the experts confirm about the conscientiousness measure developed by the researcher?
What did the experts confirm about the conscientiousness measure developed by the researcher?
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The correlation analysis for the optimist's test showed a consistent pattern with which other psychological tests?
The correlation analysis for the optimist's test showed a consistent pattern with which other psychological tests?
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What is the primary characteristic of ordinal measurements?
What is the primary characteristic of ordinal measurements?
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Which scale of measurement describes numbers that represent both rank order and equal distances between values?
Which scale of measurement describes numbers that represent both rank order and equal distances between values?
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What feature distinguishes ratio measurements from interval measurements?
What feature distinguishes ratio measurements from interval measurements?
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In categorical measurements, what can be said about the different categories?
In categorical measurements, what can be said about the different categories?
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Which of the following examples best illustrates ratio measurement?
Which of the following examples best illustrates ratio measurement?
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Why are rating scales often treated as interval scales despite their strict limitations?
Why are rating scales often treated as interval scales despite their strict limitations?
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What type of measurement is represented by the make of a phone used by each student in the class?
What type of measurement is represented by the make of a phone used by each student in the class?
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Which of the following scenarios best represents ordinal measurement?
Which of the following scenarios best represents ordinal measurement?
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What is the primary responsibility of a Research Ethics Board (REB)?
What is the primary responsibility of a Research Ethics Board (REB)?
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Which type of research requires REB approval?
Which type of research requires REB approval?
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Which of the following is NOT a main type of welfare concern in animal research ethics?
Which of the following is NOT a main type of welfare concern in animal research ethics?
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What is one of the criteria for assessing the affections states of animals in research?
What is one of the criteria for assessing the affections states of animals in research?
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Which type of research does NOT require REB approval?
Which type of research does NOT require REB approval?
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Which of the following best defines the 'animal welfare' perspective in research ethical considerations?
Which of the following best defines the 'animal welfare' perspective in research ethical considerations?
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What should be ensured regarding the basic health and functioning of animals in research?
What should be ensured regarding the basic health and functioning of animals in research?
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What action can a Research Ethics Board (REB) take regarding proposed research?
What action can a Research Ethics Board (REB) take regarding proposed research?
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What does reliability in a measure refer to?
What does reliability in a measure refer to?
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Which of the following measures would be considered most reliable?
Which of the following measures would be considered most reliable?
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What is the purpose of using scatterplots in assessing reliability?
What is the purpose of using scatterplots in assessing reliability?
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A correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.85 indicates what about the relationship between two measurements?
A correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.85 indicates what about the relationship between two measurements?
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Which correlation coefficient value is generally considered acceptable for reliability?
Which correlation coefficient value is generally considered acceptable for reliability?
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Which statistical method is NOT used to evaluate reliability?
Which statistical method is NOT used to evaluate reliability?
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What primarily does a higher absolute numerical value of the correlation coefficient indicate?
What primarily does a higher absolute numerical value of the correlation coefficient indicate?
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Which scale of measurement would be most reliable for recording students' heights?
Which scale of measurement would be most reliable for recording students' heights?
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What does face validity primarily assess?
What does face validity primarily assess?
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Which type of validity requires correlational evidence to establish a relationship with a key behavioral criterion?
Which type of validity requires correlational evidence to establish a relationship with a key behavioral criterion?
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What distinguishes convergent validity from discriminant validity?
What distinguishes convergent validity from discriminant validity?
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Which approach is NOT a method for establishing criterion validity?
Which approach is NOT a method for establishing criterion validity?
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When assessing content validity, which of the following is a requirement?
When assessing content validity, which of the following is a requirement?
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What kind of evidence does the known-groups approach collect for establishing criterion validity?
What kind of evidence does the known-groups approach collect for establishing criterion validity?
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Which of the following best defines content validity?
Which of the following best defines content validity?
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What exemplifies the concept of discriminant validity?
What exemplifies the concept of discriminant validity?
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What does a discriminant indicate about the relationship between two variables?
What does a discriminant indicate about the relationship between two variables?
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Which type of reliability assesses the correlation of a measure with itself across time?
Which type of reliability assesses the correlation of a measure with itself across time?
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For which purpose might researchers conduct tests of reliability and validity before the main study?
For which purpose might researchers conduct tests of reliability and validity before the main study?
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What kind of correlation assesses validity by comparing a measure with other different measures?
What kind of correlation assesses validity by comparing a measure with other different measures?
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Which resource would NOT typically provide existing measures for reliability and validity?
Which resource would NOT typically provide existing measures for reliability and validity?
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What does good inter-rater reliability signify about a measurement?
What does good inter-rater reliability signify about a measurement?
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What is the focus of convergent validity in measurement?
What is the focus of convergent validity in measurement?
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When might researchers assess internal reliability?
When might researchers assess internal reliability?
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Study Notes
Research Ethics
- Ethics in research with humans involves core principles, Tri-Council policy (TCPS2), review processes at WLU, and ethics in research with animals.
- Research misconduct includes blatant dishonesty or fraud, data analysis practices, and open science reforms.
Scales of Measurement
- Categorical variables are qualitative, with levels as categories.
- Quantitative variables use numerical values that can be ordinal, interval, or ratio.
- Ordinal variables have rank order but not necessarily equal distances between values.
- Interval variables have ordered, equal intervals but no true zero point.
- Ratio variables have ordered, equal intervals with a true zero point.
Reliability of Measures
- Reliability is the consistency or dependability of a measure
- Test-retest reliability measures consistency over time.
- Internal reliability assesses consistency among items in a scale.
- Interrater reliability checks consistency between multiple raters.
Validity of Measures
- Validity describes the extent to which a measure actually measures what it's intended to measure.
- Face validity and content validity are subjective assessments of whether a measure looks like it measures the intended construct.
- Criterion validity assesses if the measure correlates with a behavior or outcome.
- Convergent validity examines correlation with related measures.
- Discriminant validity assesses lack of correlation with unrelated measures.
Ethics Review at WLU
- Research Ethics Board (REB) is an institutional panel which ensures research adheres to TCPS-2 guidelines.
- An REB reviews, approves, rejects, modifies, or terminates proposed or ongoing research with human participants.
- Researchers completing an ethics application include the research purpose, participants, procedures, and study materials.
- Research needing REB approval includes faculty, graduate, and undergraduate student research.
- Research not requiring REB approval often uses publicly accessible information, like quality assurance studies, or employee reviews and classroom demonstrations.
Animal Research Ethics
- The three Rs guide ethical animal research: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.
- Animal welfare concerns include basic health and functioning, affective states, and the ability to perform natural behaviours.
- The Canadian Council of Animal Care (CCAC) oversees ethical use of animals in science in Canada.
- Animal Care Committees (ACC) ensure ethical treatment of animals in research, overseeing animal care and use.
Research Misconduct
- Research misconduct is any behavior violating the integrity of the scientific enterprise.
- Blatant dishonesty includes falsification and fabrication of data, and plagiarism.
- Data analysis practices can involve selective cleaning of data, overanalyzing data (p-hacking), selective reporting, and post-hoc theorizing.
Data Analysis Practices
- Improper data analysis practices violate the integrity of scientific research and include selective data deletion and overanalyzing data (p-hacking). Selective reporting (cherry-picking) and post-hoc theorizing (HARKing) also qualify for improper scientific practices.
Reforms to Improve Scientific Integrity
- The Open Science Movement encourages public and transparent research.
- Practices include full disclosure of information, pre-registration of studies, and open data and materials.
Types of Measures (for Research)
- Self-report involves having people describe themselves (cognitive, affective, behavioral).
- Observational (behavioral) involves directly observing behavior.
- Physiological involves measuring bodily processes (e.g., heart rate, muscle tension).
Assignment 1
- Complete an Academic Integrity Quiz to access Dropbox (100% required for access).
- Instructions are available in the Newsfeed post.
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