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Questions and Answers

What does a Cronbach's alpha score of .88 indicate about Dr. Suzuki's measure of optimism?

  • It has high internal consistency. (correct)
  • It is highly unreliable.
  • It has moderate internal consistency.
  • It has low internal consistency.

What was the correlation between the optimism scores at the beginning and the end of the term?

  • r = .88
  • r = .50
  • r = .12 (correct)
  • r = -.12

Which of the following statements best describes the correlation found between conscientiousness and employee lateness?

  • The correlation is weak.
  • The correlation is nonexistent.
  • The correlation is negative.
  • The correlation is strong. (correct)

What did the experts confirm about the conscientiousness measure developed by the researcher?

<p>All items capture the construct of conscientiousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The correlation analysis for the optimist's test showed a consistent pattern with which other psychological tests?

<p>It showed low correlation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of ordinal measurements?

<p>They represent rank order. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scale of measurement describes numbers that represent both rank order and equal distances between values?

<p>Interval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes ratio measurements from interval measurements?

<p>They have an absolute zero point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In categorical measurements, what can be said about the different categories?

<p>They cannot be meaningfully ordered. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates ratio measurement?

<p>The number of students in a class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are rating scales often treated as interval scales despite their strict limitations?

<p>Conventional practice considers them closer to interval than ordinal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of measurement is represented by the make of a phone used by each student in the class?

<p>Nominal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best represents ordinal measurement?

<p>Ranking students' grades in a class. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a Research Ethics Board (REB)?

<p>To ensure research abides by TCPS-2 guidelines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research requires REB approval?

<p>Undergraduate research for a thesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main type of welfare concern in animal research ethics?

<p>Capacity for higher reasoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criteria for assessing the affections states of animals in research?

<p>Freedom from discomfort and distress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research does NOT require REB approval?

<p>Quality assurance studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the 'animal welfare' perspective in research ethical considerations?

<p>Prioritizing the animal's quality of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be ensured regarding the basic health and functioning of animals in research?

<p>Animals should be well fed, housed, and free from disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action can a Research Ethics Board (REB) take regarding proposed research?

<p>Terminate any proposed or ongoing research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does reliability in a measure refer to?

<p>The consistency or dependability of a measure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures would be considered most reliable?

<p>A repeated measurement of an individual's height (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using scatterplots in assessing reliability?

<p>To analyze the correlation between two sets of measurements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.85 indicates what about the relationship between two measurements?

<p>A strong positive correlation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which correlation coefficient value is generally considered acceptable for reliability?

<p>r ~ 0.70 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical method is NOT used to evaluate reliability?

<p>T-test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily does a higher absolute numerical value of the correlation coefficient indicate?

<p>A stronger relationship between the measurements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scale of measurement would be most reliable for recording students' heights?

<p>Ratio scale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does face validity primarily assess?

<p>Whether the measure appears to assess what it claims to (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity requires correlational evidence to establish a relationship with a key behavioral criterion?

<p>Criterion-related validity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes convergent validity from discriminant validity?

<p>Convergent validity shows expected correlations with similar constructs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is NOT a method for establishing criterion validity?

<p>Content analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assessing content validity, which of the following is a requirement?

<p>The measure should include all aspects outlined by the theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of evidence does the known-groups approach collect for establishing criterion validity?

<p>Comparative analysis between groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines content validity?

<p>The measure includes all parts necessary, according to theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What exemplifies the concept of discriminant validity?

<p>No correlation with unrelated constructs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a discriminant indicate about the relationship between two variables?

<p>There is no relation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reliability assesses the correlation of a measure with itself across time?

<p>Test-retest reliability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which purpose might researchers conduct tests of reliability and validity before the main study?

<p>To create a new measure for the study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of correlation assesses validity by comparing a measure with other different measures?

<p>Criterion validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which resource would NOT typically provide existing measures for reliability and validity?

<p>Online gaming forums (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does good inter-rater reliability signify about a measurement?

<p>Different raters produce similar scores. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of convergent validity in measurement?

<p>The correlation of a measure with measures of the same variable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When might researchers assess internal reliability?

<p>During the main study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

REB

A panel at WLU that ensures research involving humans follows ethical guidelines, reviews research, and approves, rejects, or modifies it.

Research Requiring REB Approval

Faculty, graduate student, undergraduate research thesis and some course projects involving others.

Research Exempt from REB Approval

Research using public information, quality assurance studies, program evaluations, and employee performance reviews, or classroom demonstrations (only directly benefitting students).

Animal Welfare

Ensuring animals used in research have a good quality of life, including basic health, avoiding negative emotions and allowing normal activities.

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Animal Welfare Concerns (Basic)

Good health, proper housing, preventing injury and disease, and minimize the stress of the animal

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Animal Welfare Concerns (Affective)

Minimizing pain, stress, fear, and discomfort, ensuring the animal can experience pleasure and comfort.

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Animal Welfare Concerns (Behavioural)

Allowing normal behaviors. Enables natural interactions with other animals, or usual activities of the species.

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TCPS-2 Guidelines

The ethical principles regarding research involving human participants in Canada.

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Ordinal Scale

Numbers represent rank order. Higher numbers indicate more of the quality being measured, but differences between values aren't necessarily equal.

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Interval Scale

Numbers represent rank order and equal distances between values. No true zero.

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Ratio Scale

Numbers represent rank order and equal distances, and has a true zero point. Ratios are meaningful.

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Categorical Scale

Numbers or names indicate different categories. Can't be ordered numerically.

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True Zero

Zero represents the absence of the measured quantity.

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Equal Intervals

The difference between adjacent values on a scale is consistent.

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Rating Scales

Often treated as interval scales, though ideally are interval-like, but not technically guaranteed to be truly interval. Often categorized as "interval" or "near interval" in practice.

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Scale of Measurement

A system for assigning numbers to data in order to categorize and measure variables.

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Reliability

The consistency or dependability of a measurement, reflected in how consistently it assigns the same value to the same observation.

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Frequency Distribution

A visual representation showing the frequency of different values in a dataset, often displayed as a histogram.

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Scatterplot

A graph that plots paired data points, showing the relationship between two variables.

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Correlation Coefficient (r)

A statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables.

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Test-Retest Reliability

A way to assess reliability by administering the same measure multiple times to the same individuals and checking for consistency in the results.

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Strong Positive Correlation

When two variables tend to increase together, with an r value close to +1.

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Weak Negative Correlation

When two variables tend to move in opposite directions, with an r value close to -1, but the relationship is not very strong.

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Item-Total Correlation

The correlation between each individual item on a test and the total score on the test. A high item-total correlation indicates that the item is strongly related to the overall construct being measured.

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Content Validity

The extent to which the items on a test adequately represent the content domain being measured.

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Construct Validity

The extent to which a test measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure.

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Face Validity

A measure appears to measure what it is intended to measure based on a subjective judgment.

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Criterion Validity

A measure is related to a specific behavior or outcome that represents the variable being measured.

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Correlational Evidence

A type of criterion validity where the measure is shown to be related to other measures in a predictable way.

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Known-Groups Paradigm

A method for assessing criterion validity where a group known to have a certain trait is compared to a group that does not have that trait. This helps confirm if the measure accurately distinguishes between the groups.

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Convergent Validity

A measure correlates with other measures it should correlate with. It demonstrates how the measure relates to other measures of the same construct.

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Discriminant Validity

A measure does not correlate with other measures it should not correlate with. It demonstrates how the measure is distinct from other measures of different constructs.

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Why is subjective validity important?

Subjective validity (like face and content) are important for initial assessments, but empirical evidence (like criterion, convergent, and discriminant) is preferred to ensure the measure is truly valid.

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Validity

The degree to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure. Accuracy and relevance of the measurements.

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Internal Reliability

A measure of how consistent different parts or items of a test are with each other. Measures whether parts of the test measure the same underlying construct.

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Inter-rater Reliability

A measure of how consistent different observers are in their ratings. Different observers should agree on the same rating.

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Study Notes

Research Ethics

  • Ethics in research with humans involves core principles, Tri-Council policy (TCPS2), review processes at WLU, and ethics in research with animals.
  • Research misconduct includes blatant dishonesty or fraud, data analysis practices, and open science reforms.

Scales of Measurement

  • Categorical variables are qualitative, with levels as categories.
  • Quantitative variables use numerical values that can be ordinal, interval, or ratio.
  • Ordinal variables have rank order but not necessarily equal distances between values.
  • Interval variables have ordered, equal intervals but no true zero point.
  • Ratio variables have ordered, equal intervals with a true zero point.

Reliability of Measures

  • Reliability is the consistency or dependability of a measure
  • Test-retest reliability measures consistency over time.
  • Internal reliability assesses consistency among items in a scale.
  • Interrater reliability checks consistency between multiple raters.

Validity of Measures

  • Validity describes the extent to which a measure actually measures what it's intended to measure.
  • Face validity and content validity are subjective assessments of whether a measure looks like it measures the intended construct.
  • Criterion validity assesses if the measure correlates with a behavior or outcome.
  • Convergent validity examines correlation with related measures.
  • Discriminant validity assesses lack of correlation with unrelated measures.

Ethics Review at WLU

  • Research Ethics Board (REB) is an institutional panel which ensures research adheres to TCPS-2 guidelines.
  • An REB reviews, approves, rejects, modifies, or terminates proposed or ongoing research with human participants.
  • Researchers completing an ethics application include the research purpose, participants, procedures, and study materials.
  • Research needing REB approval includes faculty, graduate, and undergraduate student research.
  • Research not requiring REB approval often uses publicly accessible information, like quality assurance studies, or employee reviews and classroom demonstrations.

Animal Research Ethics

  • The three Rs guide ethical animal research: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.
  • Animal welfare concerns include basic health and functioning, affective states, and the ability to perform natural behaviours.
  • The Canadian Council of Animal Care (CCAC) oversees ethical use of animals in science in Canada.
  • Animal Care Committees (ACC) ensure ethical treatment of animals in research, overseeing animal care and use.

Research Misconduct

  • Research misconduct is any behavior violating the integrity of the scientific enterprise.
  • Blatant dishonesty includes falsification and fabrication of data, and plagiarism.
  • Data analysis practices can involve selective cleaning of data, overanalyzing data (p-hacking), selective reporting, and post-hoc theorizing.

Data Analysis Practices

  • Improper data analysis practices violate the integrity of scientific research and include selective data deletion and overanalyzing data (p-hacking). Selective reporting (cherry-picking) and post-hoc theorizing (HARKing) also qualify for improper scientific practices.

Reforms to Improve Scientific Integrity

  • The Open Science Movement encourages public and transparent research.
  • Practices include full disclosure of information, pre-registration of studies, and open data and materials.

Types of Measures (for Research)

  • Self-report involves having people describe themselves (cognitive, affective, behavioral).
  • Observational (behavioral) involves directly observing behavior.
  • Physiological involves measuring bodily processes (e.g., heart rate, muscle tension).

Assignment 1

  • Complete an Academic Integrity Quiz to access Dropbox (100% required for access).
  • Instructions are available in the Newsfeed post.

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