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• The exam has 200 multiple-choice items covering eight core dimension areas of the curriculum.

Professional Orientation and Ethics

• One should understand ethics etiology, who started ethics for counselors, and related ethical dilemmas.
• Professional values are a way of living out an ethical commitment, representing core values in counseling.
• Core values include enhancing human development throughout the lifespan.
• Core values include honoring diversity, embracing multicultural approaches, and supporting the worth, dignity, potential, and uniqueness of people within their sociocultural contexts.
• Core values include promoting social justice, safeguarding counselor-client relationship integrity, and practicing competently and ethically.
• Socrates addressed Ethics.
• Be familiar with beneficence, justice, nonmaleficence, autonomy, fidelity, and defamation.
• Fundamental principles of professional ethical behavior includes Autonomy, or fostering the right to control the direction of one's life.
• Fundamental principles of professional ethical behavior includes Nonmaleficence- or avoiding actions that cause harm.
• Fundamental principles of professional ethical behavior includes Beneficence- working for the good of the individual and society by promoting mental health and well-being.
• Fundamental principles of professional ethical behavior includes Justice- treating individuals equitably and fostering fairness and equality.
• Fundamental principles of professional ethical behavior includes Fidelity- honoring commitments and keeping promises, including fulfilling one's responsibilities of trust in professional relationships.
• Fundamental principles of professional ethical behavior includes Veracity- delaying truthfully with individuals with whom counselors come into professional contact.
• Understand the events that led to developing a professional counselor's duty to warn
• Tatianna Tarasoff Case (1976)- No one warned the victim or family of the offender plans to kill Tara
• Know/understand the limits of confidentiality.
• Disclosure statements and consent for treatment
• The significance of burnout, impairment, and numbness of counselors, etc is important.
• Understand the diagnosis and diagnostic codes of the DSM.
• Understand the boundaries of the scope of practice and reimbursement of services.
• Etiology of Ethics is the study of the origin/causes of ethical principles/values and how they were developed in a counseling context.
• Ethical dilemmas are complex situations where a counselor makes a decision involving conflicting moral principles/values.
• Duty to Warn is a legal/ethical obligation for counselors to take action to protect potential victims when a client poses a threat.
• It is important to know the events that led to the development of this duty and how it applies.
• Limits of Confidentiality refers to the situations where a counselor is legally/ethically obligated to breach confidentially.
• Beneficence is the ethical principle of doing good and promoting welfare in others by acting in the clients best interest.
• Justice refers to the fair/equal treatment of all individuals and providing services without discrmination or bias.
• Nonmaleficence refers to the obligation to do no harm and prevent harm in clients.
• Autonomy refers to the right of individuals to make their own decisions so counselors should respect the clients right.
• Fidelity refers to the obligation to keep promises/commitments made to clients.
• Defamation refers to communication of false/damaging statements so it is important to know its implications and how to avoid it.
• Disclosure Statements and Consent for Treatment are legal/ethical requirements where counselors inform clients of the purpose of counseling/limits/confidentiality.
• It is important to provide clear statements and obtain informed consent.
• Burnout, Impairment, and Numbness are common issues impacting professional effectiveness.
• DSM Diagnosis and Diagnostic Codes are used by mental health professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorder.
• Scope of Practice/Reimbursement involves boundaries of competence and insurance companies so it is important to know the laws.
• Diagnosis is the process of identifying a medical condition by using patients symptoms/history.
• Diagnostic codes: A specific code assigned to a diagnosis or medical condition according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a handbook for mental health professionals to classify mental disorders. The DSM-5 includes categories such as neurodevelopmental, schizophrenia, bipolar, depressive, and anxiety disorders.
• Other categories include obsessive-compulsive, trauma, dissociative, somatic symptom, feeding/eating, elimination, sleep-wake, sexual dysfunctions, and gender dysphoria disorders.
• Other categories include disruptive disorders, substance-related, neurocognitive, personality, paraphilic, and other mental disorders.

Social and Cultural Diversity

• Social and Cultural Diversity covers multiculturalism so be familiar with the terms and concepts associated with professional counselor culturalism.
• Understand how working with client in a culture different from yours impacts the counseling process.
• Know concepts like cultural insecurity, multicultural insecurity, emotional resistance, denial, indirect power, dominance, and ethnocentric monoculturalism.
• Know concepts like attribution error, ethnocentrism, statistical norms, and cultural norms.
• Familiarize yourself with the social exchange theory.
• Cultural Insecurity is the discomfort or anxiety experienced by individuals faced with unfamiliar practices.
• Multicultural Insecurity is the discomfort or anxiety experienced by individuals when they interact with different people from diverse cultural backgrounds.
• Emotional Resistance: the unwillingness or inability to express or deal with emotions that are considered bad.
• Denial is the act of an individual refusing to acknowledge an existing problem or unpleasant situation.
• Indirect Power refers to the subtle or indirect means to influence or control others.
• Dominance refers to exercising power or authority over others.
• Ethnocentric Monoculturalism is the belief that one's own cultural group is superior to all others.
• Attribution Error: the tendency to attribute someone's behavior to personality traits rather than external factors.
• Ethnocentrism: the belief that one's own cultural group is superior to all others.
• Statistical Norms: The norms/standards based on data and research.
• Cultural Norms: The shared beliefs, values, characterizing a particular cultural group.
• Social Exchange Theory: Social interactions involve exchange of resources and engaging in social relationships is mutually beneficial.

Human Growth and Development

• Covers concepts related to growth across the lifespan.
• Familiarize yourself with theorists, their theories and the major growth concepts.
• Sigmund Freud created psychoanalytic theory stating that behavior is driven by unconscious thoughts/desires.
• Freud thought that the human psyche had 3 parts: the id (unconscious desires), the ego (conscious mind), and the superego (moral conscience).
• Freud's theory of psychosexual development describes how children develop their sense of self/personality through stages based on experiences.
• The stages are the oral stage (0-18 months), anal stage (18 months-3 years), phallic stage (3-6 years), latency stage (6-12 years), and genital stage(12 years to adulthood).
• Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory suggests that children develop their intellectual abilities through a series of stages and are active learners constructing their understanding.
• The stages are sensorimotor (0-2 years), preoperational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-12 years), and formal operational (12 years to adulthood).
• Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory describes how personalities and sense of self develop through 8 stages.
• Each stage is characterized by a crisis, which is the stages are the Trust vs. Mistrust (0-2 years), Autonomy vs. Shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, and ego integrity vs despair.
• Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development suggests people progress through stages as they form their sense of morality.
• Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning like pre conventional, conventional, and post conventional morality.
• In pre conventional morality there are 2 stages. Obedience and punishment orientation and individualism and exchange .
• In conventional morality there are 2 stages: interpersonal relationships and maintaining social order.
• In post conventional morality there are 2 stages: social contract and individual rights and universal principles.
• Nature versus Nurture debates if human behavior is genetic or environmental.
• The nature side says behavior is biologically determined and the nurture side says it is shaped by environment.
• A conformist follows norms to fit in to society.
• Empiricism is a theory of knowledge that suggests knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation.

Career Development

• Major theories and concepts associated with development and career or vocational aspects.
• Important concepts include counselor bias, gender bias, trait and factor theory, vocational counseling, developmental theory and career choice and Anne Roe's Theory.
• Important Concepts include Donald Super's Theory- Life Rainbow - Self-Concept- Supers's five life and career development stages, life roles, environmental and personal determinants.
• Stage 1 is: growth (age 0-14) with development of self-concept and general word of work.
• Stage 2: exploration- (age 15-24) "Trying out" through classes, work tentative choice and skill development.
• Stage 3: establishment- Age (25-44) entry-level skill building and stabilization through work.
• Stage 4: maintenance (age 45-6) continual Adjustment process.
• Stage 5: decline (Age 65+) reduced output prepare for retirement.
• John Hollands Theory maintains that people prefer jobs where they can be around workers like them and have 6 personality types :Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.
• John Krumboltz: Career decisions influenced by genetic endowment, conditions, learning experiences, and task approach skills and develop the theory of planned happenstance.
• A.A Brill major factors in psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud first English translator.
• Frank Parsons is the father of vocational guidance in trait/factor theory and occupational choice.
• Counselor Bias: occurs when the Counselor makes decisions based on their own beliefs.
• Gender Bias: refers to the differential treatment of people based on gender, often resulting in unequal opportunities in career development.
• Trait and factor theory is a career counseling theory that individuals have traits that match aspects of the job.
• Vocational Counseling focuses on helping individuals make informed decisions about the career path.
• Developmental theory views career choice as a life long processes.
• Anne Roe's early childhood experiences shapes personality and career aspirations where there are 8 occupational field and 4 stages of development.
• Donald Supers theory career that individuals go through satisfying roles where are 5 stages life and career stages.
• John Holland's Theory career individual have 6 personality with work that matches.
• John krumboltz is a career theorists created concept that individuals can develop open advantages.
• A.a. brill career counseling theorists develop a self-knowledge exploration.
• FRANK parson a career counseling theorists developed is father vocational guidance.
• computer to career guidance systems makes information choices.
• The Happenstance Learning and Super's Theory developed Krumboltz is theory emphasized experiences taking.
• curiosity exploring being open to theories occurs: in the moment by four arise and the persistence includes continue being new.
• A brill to care developed and and is realistic 1 : is stage one interest values: stage to the 3 stage and
• Frank Parson three step approach identify
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Counseling and Helping Relationships

• Covers concepts associated with counseling so understand the concepts and terms.
• Sigmund Freud created Psychoanalysis that helps clients understand by analyzing dreams. The Id represents the unconscious, the Ego represents the logical part, and the superego represents the part that internalizes society's rules.
• Freud's, Oedipus Complex theory explains the unconscious desire of a child to posses the opposite-sex parent/ get rid of same sex.
• Defence mechanisms such as denial, repression, projection is used to cope with anxiety and protect ego.
• Carl Rogers created Person-Centered Therapy emphasizing empathy/acceptance.
• Self-Actualization the innate drive to fulfill potential closely related to Maslows hierarchy of needs.
• Unconditional Positive Regard a non-judgmental attitude is is crucial.
• Congruence is a state of harmony between self-concept and actual experience when the therapists action matches.

Key Concepts to understand include:

• Free Association: Saying what comes to mind.
• Resistance: Patient avoiding specific topics.
• Transference: Projecting feelings to therapist.
• Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious ways to protect from anxiety.
• Paraphrasing: Listening for main points.
• Reflection of Feelings: Listening/reflecting.
• Accurate Empathy is the ability to share/understand.
• Sympathy is like feeling pity.
• Confrontation: Challenging clients' beliefs.
• Summarization: Restating the main points.
• Hierarchy of Needs: Maslows theory is human.
• Positive Reinforcement/Negative Reinforcement: Addding good/removing bad to encourage the behavior.
• Optional Empathy/Selective Empathy: Empathizing consciously and specifically.
• Classical conditioning/operant conditioning: Process of creating response.
• Transfer and Counter Transfer: Transfer is where patient, counter transfer where therapist.
• positive transfer, patients feelings transfer toward therapy and counsellor.
• Sublimation is redirecting negative feeling to positive way
• Sigmund Freud was founder of psychoanalysis with dialogue with patient counsellor therapist.
• Carl Rogers was an American psychology.
• In free association therapy, its technique used in psycho analysis and encourages.
• Resistance is a defense mechanism therapy.
• transference. A phenomenon in with attitude
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Group Counseling and Group Work

• Jacob Moreno developed the theory of play out

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• Group Norms

• Founding of Group

• Open/Closed

• Leaders and Co-Leaders

Assessment and Testing

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