Counseling Program Comprehensive Exam Study Guide PDF

Master’s in Counseling Program Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Exam information The examination has 200 items that cover the eight core dimension areas of the curriculum. For the examination, all items are multiple-choice. Use this review as a guide to assist you...

Master’s in Counseling Program Comprehensive Exam Study Guide Exam information The examination has 200 items that cover the eight core dimension areas of the curriculum. For the examination, all items are multiple-choice. Use this review as a guide to assist you in studying for the exam. Professional Orientation and Ethics For the ethics section of the exam, note the following information. Be familiar with the concepts associated with the items listed. Consider the following: Know and understand the etiology associated with ethics. Who started the ethics for counselors and what most ethical dilemmas are related to? Professional values are an important way of living out an ethical commitment. The following are core professional values of the counseling profession: 1. Enhancing human development throughout the lifespan; 2. Honoring diversity and embracing a multicultural approach in support of the worth, dignity, potential, and uniqueness of people within their social and cultural contexts; 3. Promoting social justice 4. Safeguarding the integrity of the counselor-client relationship; and 5. Practicing in a competent and ethical manner. Socrates for Ethics. Be familiar with the terms beneficence, justice, nonmaleficence, autonomy, fidelity, and defamation. The fundamental principles of professional ethical behavior are Autonomy, or fostering the right to control the direction of one’s life Nonmaleficence- or avoiding actions that cause harm Beneficence- working for the good of the individual and society by promoting mental health and well-being Justice- treating individuals equitably and fostering fairness and equality Fidelity- honoring commitments and keeping promises, including fulfilling one’s responsibilities of trust in professional relationships, Veracity- delaying truthfully with individuals with whom counselors come into professional contact  Understand the events that took place that led to the development of a professional counselor’s duty to warn. Tatianna Tarasoff Case (1976)- No one warned the victim or family of the offender plans to kill Tara Know and understand the limits of confidentiality. Disclosure statements and consent for treatment. Know the significance of burnout, impairment, and numbness of counselors etc. Understand the diagnosis and diagnostic codes of the DSM. Understand the boundaries of the scope of practice and reimbursement of services. Professional Orientation and Ethics For the ethics section of the exam, note the following information. Be familiar with the concepts associated with the items listed. Consider the following: Know and understand the etiology associated with ethics. Who started the ethics for counselors and what most ethical dilemmas are related to? Understand the events that took place that led to the development of a professional counselor’s duty to warn. Know and understand the limits of confidentiality. Be familiar with the terms beneficence, justice, nonmaleficence, autonomy, fidelity, and defamation. Disclosure statements and consent for treatment. Know the significance of burnout, impairment, and numbness of counselors etc. Understand the diagnosis and diagnostic codes of the DSM. Understand the boundaries of the scope of practice and reimbursement of services. Etiology of Ethics: This refers to the study of the origin and causes of ethical principles and values. In the context of counseling, it is important to know the etiology of ethics, including the history of ethical codes and how they were developed. Ethical Dilemmas: These are complex situations where a counselor needs to make a decision that involves conflicting moral principles or values. It is important to understand the most common ethical dilemmas in counseling, such as confidentiality, informed consent, dual relationships, and conflicts of interest. Duty to Warn: This is a legal and ethical obligation of a counselor to take action to protect a potential victim if a client poses a serious threat of harm to them. It is important to know the events that led to the development of this duty and how it applies in different situations. Limits of Confidentiality: This refers to the situations where a counselor is legally and ethically obligated to breach confidentiality, such as when a client poses a danger to themselves or others, or when a court order requires disclosure of information. Beneficence: This is the ethical principle of doing good and promoting the welfare of others. In counseling, it means that the counselor should act in the best interest of the client and strive to maximize their well-being. Justice: This principle refers to the fair and equal treatment of all individuals. In counseling,  it means that the counselor should provide services without discrimination or bias. Nonmaleficence: This principle refers to the obligation to do no harm and prevent harm to others. In counseling, it means that the counselor should avoid actions or interventions that could harm the client. Autonomy: This principle refers to the right of individuals to make their own decisions and choices. In counseling, it means that the counselor should respect the client's right to self-determination and support their choices. Fidelity: This principle refers to the obligation to keep promises and commitments made to clients. In counseling, it means that the counselor should maintain professional boundaries and avoid conflicts of interest. Defamation: This refers to the communication of false and damaging statements about an individual or group. In counseling, it is important to know the ethical and legal implications of defamation and how to avoid it. Disclosure Statements and Consent for Treatment: These are legal and ethical requirements for counselors to inform clients about the nature and purpose of counseling, the limits of confidentiality, and the risks and benefits of treatment. It is important to know how to provide clear and comprehensive disclosure statements and obtain informed consent from clients. Burnout, Impairment, and Numbness: These are common issues that can affect counselors' well-being and professional effectiveness. It is important to understand the signs and symptoms of burnout, impairment, and numbness, and how to prevent or address them. DSM Diagnosis and Diagnostic Codes: This refers to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders. It is important to know how to use the DSM to make accurate diagnoses and select appropriate treatment interventions. Scope of Practice and Reimbursement: These are legal and ethical issues related to the provision of counseling services, including the boundaries of the counselor's competence and the reimbursement of services by insurance companies or third-party payers. It is important to know the laws and regulations that govern counseling practice and how to navigate the reimbursement process. Diagnosis: The process of identifying a medical condition or disease by analyzing the symptoms and medical history of a patient. Diagnostic codes: A specific code assigned to a diagnosis or medical condition according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). DSM: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a handbook used by mental health professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders. It provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. The DSM-5 includes the following categories of mental disorders: 1. Neurodevelopmental disorders 2. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 3. Bipolar and related disorders 4. Depressive disorders 5. Anxiety disorders 6. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders 7. Trauma- and stressor-related disorders 8. Dissociative disorders 9. Somatic symptom and related disorders 10. Feeding and eating disorders 11. Elimination disorders 12. Sleep-wake disorders 13. Sexual dysfunctions 14. Gender dysphoria 15. Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders 16. Substance-related and addictive disorders 17. Neurocognitive disorders 18. Personality disorders 19. Paraphilic disorders 20. Other mental disorders Social and Cultural Diversity Social and cultural diversity on the exam will cover various aspects of multiculturalism. The exam will cover some of the information listed below. Be familiar with the terms and concepts associated with professional counselor culturalism. Understand how working with clients in a different culture from yours impacts the counseling process. Know concepts related but not limited to cultural insecurity, multicultural insecurity, emotional resistance, denial, indirect power, dominance, ethnocentric monoculturalism, attribution error, ethnocentrism, statistical norms, cultural norms, Familiarize yourself with the social exchange theory Social and Cultural Diversity Cultural Insecurity: Refers to the feeling of discomfort or anxiety experienced by individuals or groups when they are confronted with different cultural practices, norms, or values that are unfamiliar to them. Multicultural Insecurity: Refers to the discomfort or anxiety experienced by individuals or groups when they interact with people from different cultural backgrounds. Emotional Resistance: Refers to the unwillingness or inability of an individual to express or deal with emotions that are considered to be negative or undesirable. Denial: Refers to the psychological defense mechanism in which an individual refuses to acknowledge the existence of a problem or an unpleasant reality. Indirect Power: Refers to the use of subtle or indirect means to influence or control others. Dominance: Refers to the exercise of power or authority over others. Ethnocentric Monoculturalism: Refers to the belief that one's own cultural group is superior to all others and that other cultures should be judged by the standards of one's own culture.  Attribution Error: Refers to the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal factors such as personality traits, rather than external factors such as situational factors. Ethnocentrism: Refers to the belief that one's own cultural group is superior to all others. Statistical Norms: Refers to the norms or standards that are based on statistical data or research. Cultural Norms: Refers to the shared beliefs, values, and practices that characterize a particular cultural group. Social Exchange Theory: Refers to the theory that social interactions involve an exchange of resources, such as time, money, and information, and that individuals engage in social relationships that are mutually beneficial. Human Growth and Development This section of the exam covers concepts related to growth across the lifespan. This section will cover information on various concepts that relate to theory and theorists associated with growth across the lifespan. Familiarize yourself with theorists, their theories, and the major concepts of each listed below. Sigmund Freud - Jean Piaget Erick Erickson Lawrence Kohlburg - Infant Nature versus Nurture Conformist Empiricism Human Growth and Development This section of the exam covers concepts related to growth across the lifespan. This section will cover information on various concepts that relate to theory and theorists associated with growth across the lifespan. Familiarize yourself with theorists, their theories, and the major concepts of each listed below. Sigmund Freud Jean Piaget Erick Erickson Lawrence Kohlburg Nature versus Nurture Conformist Empiricism Sigmund Freud: - Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud's theory of personality development suggests that human behavior is driven by unconscious thoughts and desires. He believed that there were three parts to the human psyche: the id (unconscious desires), the ego (conscious mind), and the superego (moral conscience). - Psychosexual Development: Freud's theory of psychosexual development describes how children develop their sense of self and personality through stages based on their experiences with their bodies and their caregivers. The stages are: 1. Oral stage (0-18 months) 2. Anal stage (18 months-3 years) 3. Phallic stage (3-6 years) 4. Latency stage (6-12 years) 5. Genital stage (12 years-adulthood) Jean Piaget: - Cognitive Development Theory: Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children learn and develop their intellectual abilities through a series of stages. He believed that children are active learners who construct their own understanding of the world around them. The stages are: 1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) 2. Preoperational stage (2-7 years) 3. Concrete operational stage (7-12 years) 4. Formal operational stage (12 years-adulthood) Erik Erikson: - Psychosocial Development Theory: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development describes how individuals develop their personalities and sense of self through a series of eight stages. Each stage is characterized by a different crisis or challenge that individuals must resolve in order to move on to the next stage. The stages are: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-2 years) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40 years) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years) 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 years and older) Lawrence Kohlberg: - Theory of Moral Development: Kohlberg's theory of moral development suggests that people progress through a series of stages as they develop their sense of morality. He identified three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional morality, conventional morality, and postconventional morality. Each level is characterized by a different way of thinking about moral issues. The stages are: 1. Preconventional morality a. Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation b. Stage 2: Individualism and exchange 2. Conventional morality a. Stage 3: Interpersonal relationships b. Stage 4: Maintaining social order 3. Postconventional morality a. Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights b. Stage 6: Universal principles Nature versus Nurture: This debate concerns whether human behavior is influenced more by genetics (nature) or environmental factors (nurture). The nature side of the debate suggests that behavior is determined by biological factors, while the nurture side suggests that behavior is shaped by environmental factors such as upbringing, culture, and socialization. Conformist: A conformist is a person who follows social norms and expectations in order to fit in with a group or society. Conformity can be influenced by a variety of factors, including  the desire for social acceptance, fear of rejection, and perceived social pressure. Empiricism: Empiricism is a theory of knowledge that suggests that all knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation. This means that knowledge can be gained through the senses, such as seeing, hearing, and touching, and that observation and experimentation are essential to gaining knowledge. Career Development As in other sections of this study guide, this section of the comprehensive exam covers major theories and their concepts associated with development and career or vocational aspects. Familiarize yourself with the concepts and points listed below. Counselor bias Gender bias Trait and factor theory Vocational Counseling Developmental theory and career choice Anne Roe’s Theory Donald Super’s Theory- Life Rainbow - Self-Concept- Supers’s five life and career development stages Life Roles Homemaker or parent Worker Citizen Leisure Student Child Environmental determinants Labor Market Employment practices Personal determinants Psychological Biological Stage 1 Growth- Age 0-14- Characteristics: Development of self-concept, and attitudes. Needs and General word of work Stage 2: Exploration- Age 15-24- Characteristics: “Trying out” through classes, work experience, and hobbies. Tentative choice and skill development Stage 3: Establishment Age 25-44 Characteristics: Entry-level skill building and stabilization through work experience Stage 4: Maintenance Age-45-64-Characteristics: Continual adjustment process to improve position Stage 5: Decline Age 65+ Charactiericis: Reduced output, prepare for retirement John Holland’s Theory- Maintains that in choosing a career, people prefer jobs where they can be around others who are like them. Most people are one of six personality types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Developed the theory of planned happenstance. John Krumboltz—This theory is based on the idea that career decisions are influenced by four factors: genetic endowment, environmental conditions, learning experiences, and task-approach skills. Planned happenstance- career theory developed to focus less on having specific plans for your future and more about finding opportunities in unplanned events. A.A Brill - one of the most influential American psychiatrists of the past century. ○ Major factors in the development of psychiatry, psychotherapy, and psychoanalysis in the United states. ○ Sigmund Freud first English translator ○ Thought of himself as father of psychoanalytic ○ First psychoanalyst to practice in the United States ○ Frank Parsons - Father of Vocational Guidance. Trait and factor theory of occupational choice Parsons thinks that occupational decision making occurs when people have achieved: An accurate understanding of their individual traits ( aptitudes, interests, personal abilities) A knowledge of jobs and the labour market Rational and objective judgement about the relationships between their individual traits, and the labour market. SIGI Plus Counselor bias: Occurs when a counselor makes judgments and decisions based on their own personal beliefs and values instead of being objective and impartial. This can negatively affect the client's counseling experience and outcomes. Gender bias: Refers to the differential treatment of individuals based on their gender, often resulting in unequal opportunities and access to resources. In career development, gender bias can lead to discrimination in hiring and promotion processes.  Trait and factor theory: A career counseling theory that posits that individuals have specific traits that match certain job requirements, and that career development involves matching the individual's abilities to the demands of the job. Vocational Counseling: A type of counseling that focuses on helping individuals make informed decisions about their career paths by assessing their interests, skills, and values. Developmental theory and career choice: A perspective that views career development as a lifelong process that involves a series of stages and transitions, and that career choice is influenced by an individual's personality, environment, and experiences. Anne Roe’s Theory: A career counseling theory that emphasizes the importance of an individual's early childhood experiences and how they shape their personality and career aspirations. Roe identified eight occupational fields and four stages of development: - 8 Occupational Fields: Service, Business Contact, Organization, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, and Arts and Entertainment. - 4 Stages of Development: Growth (birth to age 14), Exploration (age 15 to 24), Establishment (age 25 to 44), and Maintenance (age 45 and up). Donald Super’s Theory: A career counseling theory that posits that individuals go through a series of life stages and that career development involves finding a satisfying role in each stage. Super identified five life stages and career stages: - 5 Life Stages: Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, and Decline. - 9 Career Stages: Growth (ages 4-13), Exploration (ages 14-24), Establishment (ages 24-44), Maintenance (ages 44-64), and Decline (ages 65+). John Holland’s Theory: A career counseling theory that proposes that individuals have six personality types and that career satisfaction is highest when an individual's personality type matches their work environment. Holland identified six personality types and work environments: - Realistic: Physical and mechanical work environments. - Investigative: Scientific and technical work environments. - Artistic: Creative and expressive work environments. - Social: Helping and teaching work environments. - Enterprising: Business and leadership work environments. - Conventional: Organized and detail-oriented work environments. John Krumboltz: A career counseling theorist who developed the concept of planned happenstance, which suggests that individuals can develop their career paths by being open to opportunities and taking advantage of chance events. A.A. Brill: A career counseling theorist who developed a vocational guidance model that emphasizes the importance of self-knowledge and exploration in career decision making. Frank Parsons: A career counseling theorist who developed the trait and factor theory and is considered the father of vocational guidance.  SIGI Plus: A computer-based career guidance system that provides information on occupations, educational requirements, and job outlooks to help individuals make informed career decisions. John Krumboltz and the Happenstance Learning Theory: - The Happenstance Learning Theory of Career Development, developed by John Krumboltz, is a theory that emphasizes the importance of being open to new experiences and taking advantage of opportunities that arise. - According to the theory, individuals should actively seek out new experiences, rather than relying solely on their interests and skills, in order to discover their passions and develop new skills. - The four stages of the Happenstance Learning Theory are: 1. Curiosity: This stage involves exploring new experiences and being open to opportunities that arise. 2. Persistence: This stage involves continuing to pursue opportunities and developing new skills. 3. Flexibility: This stage involves adapting to changing circumstances and being open to new possibilities. 4. Optimism: This stage involves maintaining a positive attitude and seeing challenges as opportunities for growth. A. Brill and Career Maturity: - Career maturity, developed by A. Brill, refers to the readiness of an individual to make informed and realistic career decisions. - According to Brill, career maturity involves three stages: 1. Orientation: This stage involves exploring different career options and assessing one's interests, abilities, and values. 2. Decision-making: This stage involves making a career choice based on the information gathered during the orientation stage. 3. Adjustment: This stage involves adapting to the chosen career path and developing the necessary skills and competencies. A.A Brill - one of the most influential American psychiatrists of the past century. ○ Major factors in the development of psychiatry, psychotherapy, and psychoanalysis in the United states. ○ Sigmund Freud first English translator ○ Thought of himself as father of psychoanalytic ○ First psychoanalyst to practice in the United States Frank Parsons and the Three-Step Approach: - Frank Parsons, known as the father of vocational guidance, developed the three-step approach to career counseling. - The three steps of the approach are: 1. Self-exploration: This step involves identifying one's interests, values, abilities, and personality traits. 2. Occupational exploration: This step involves researching various occupations and identifying those that match one's interests and abilities. 3. Decision-making: This step involves making a career choice based on the information gathered during the first two steps. SIGI Plus: - SIGI Plus is a comprehensive career guidance system that offers a range of tools and  resources to help individuals make informed career decisions. - Some of the features of SIGI Plus include: 1. Self-assessments: These assessments help individuals identify their interests, skills, and values. 2. Occupational information: This feature provides information on various occupations, including job duties, education requirements, and salary ranges. 3. Educational information: This feature provides information on educational programs and requirements for various occupations. Counseling and Helping Relationships This section of the exam will cover concepts associated with the techniques of counseling. The information below should be considered while studying for the exam. Understand the concepts and terms associated with techniques of counseling and the counseling process. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis - a method of treating mental illness based on Freud's theories that aims to explore the unconscious mind of an individual by analyzing dreams, free association, and other techniques. Id, Ego, and Superego - Freud's structural model of the psyche that explains the three components of the human personality. The id represents the unconscious and instinctual part of the psyche, the ego represents the rational part of the psyche, and the superego represents the moral part of the psyche. Oedipus Complex - a psychoanalytic theory that explains the unconscious desire of a child to possess the opposite-sex parent and eliminate the same-sex parent. This complex is named after the Greek myth of Oedipus, who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Defense Mechanisms - unconscious psychological strategies used by individuals to cope with anxiety and protect their egos. Some common defense mechanisms include denial, repression, projection, and displacement. Carl Rogers: Person-Centered Therapy - a humanistic approach to psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes the importance of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness in the therapeutic relationship. The goal of this therapy is to help individuals achieve self-actualization and personal growth. Self-Actualization - a concept in humanistic psychology that refers to the innate drive of individuals to fulfill their highest potential and achieve their goals. This concept is closely related to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Unconditional Positive Regard - a non-judgmental and accepting attitude towards an individual regardless of their behavior or beliefs. This concept is a crucial component of person-centered therapy and helps individuals feel valued and accepted for who they are. Congruence - a state of harmony between an individual's self-concept and their actual experience. In therapy, congruence is achieved when the therapist's words and actions are consistent with their inner feelings and attitudes towards the client. Understand concepts related to: Free association Resistance Transference Defense mechanisms Paraphrasing; Listening for content Reflection of feelings: Listening for affect Accurate empathy Empathy Sympathy Confrontation Summarization Hierarchy of needs Empathic rapport and Communicative attunement Positive reinforcement and Negative reinforcement Optional empathy and Selective empathy Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning Cognitive Dissonance Transference Countertransference Positive Transference Resistance Sublimation Projection Contracting Paraphrasing Parroting  Sigmund Freud: He was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Carl Rogers: He was an American psychologist and one of the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. He is best known for his development of client-centered therapy. Free association: It is a technique used in psychoanalysis in which a patient is encouraged to speak about any thoughts or feelings that come to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. Resistance: It is a defense mechanism in which a patient avoids or becomes hostile towards certain topics or questions during therapy. Transference: It is a phenomenon in which a patient projects feelings and attitudes from past relationships onto their therapist. Defense mechanisms: These are unconscious psychological strategies that individuals use to protect themselves from anxiety and distress. Paraphrasing; Listening for content: It is a technique used by counselors to restate what a client has said in their own words to ensure that they have accurately understood the client's message. Reflection of feelings: Listening for affect: It is a technique used by counselors to reflect back to a client the emotions they are expressing, to help the client better understand and process their feelings. Accurate empathy: It is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person, while also being able to communicate this understanding to them. Empathy: It is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. Sympathy: It is a feeling of pity or sorrow for someone else's misfortune. Confrontation: It is a technique used by counselors to challenge a client's beliefs or behaviors in a supportive and non-judgmental way, to encourage the client to consider alternative perspectives or actions. Summarization: The process of restating the main points of a conversation or discussion to ensure understanding and clarity.  Hierarchy of needs: A theory proposed by Abraham Maslow that categorizes human needs into five stages, starting with physiological needs and ending with self-actualization needs. Abraham Maslow proposed a theory categorizing human needs into five stages: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Empathic rapport and Communicative attunement: The ability to understand and connect with the emotions of another person, and the process of adjusting one's communication style to match that of the other person. Positive reinforcement and Negative reinforcement: Positive reinforcement is the process of rewarding a behavior to encourage its continuation, while negative reinforcement involves removing a negative stimulus to encourage a behavior. Optional empathy and Selective empathy: Optional empathy is the conscious choice to empathize with others, while selective empathy refers to empathizing only with those who are similar to oneself. Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning: Classical conditioning is the process of creating a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus by pairing it with a naturally occurring stimulus, while operant conditioning is the process of creating a behavior by either rewarding or punishing it. Cognitive Dissonance: A state of mental discomfort that occurs when a person's beliefs or attitudes are inconsistent with their behavior. Transference: The process of projecting feelings or emotions onto another person, particularly a therapist or counselor. Countertransference: The process of a therapist or counselor projecting their own feelings or emotions onto a patient. Positive Transference: A type of transference in which the patient develops positive feelings toward the therapist or counselor. Resistance: A patient's reluctance or unwillingness to engage in the therapeutic process. Sublimation: The process of redirecting negative or unacceptable emotions into a more positive or productive outlet. Projection: The process of attributing one's own feelings or emotions to another person.  Contracting: The process of establishing clear goals and expectations for therapy or counseling. Paraphrasing: The process of restating or summarizing what another person has said to ensure understanding and clarity. Parroting: The process of repeating word for word what another person has said to ensure understanding and clarity. Group Counseling and Group Work This section of the study review will provide you with an overview of concepts related to counseling in the group setting. Use this section to familiarize yourself with theories and theories along with concepts related to group work. Theory associated with: Jacob Moreno Jacob Moreno is a psychologist who developed the theory of psychodrama, a form of psychotherapy that utilizes role-playing techniques to help individuals explore and resolve their emotional issues. Some key terms associated with Jacob Moreno's theory include: - Psychodrama: This is a form of therapy that uses role-playing and other techniques to help individuals explore and resolve their emotional issues. In psychodrama, participants act out different roles and scenarios as a way of gaining insight into their own thoughts and feelings. - Role-playing: This is a technique used in psychodrama and other forms of therapy where individuals act out different roles or scenarios as a way of exploring their own emotions and perspectives. Role-playing can help individuals gain insight into their own behavior and motivations. - Sociometry: This is a technique developed by Moreno that involves the measurement and analysis of social relationships within a group. Sociometry can be used to identify patterns of communication and social interaction within a group, and can help individuals understand their own social roles and relationships. - Tele: This is a term used in psychodrama to refer to the distance or emotional detachment that can exist between individuals in a group. Tele can prevent individuals from fully engaging in group activities and can make it difficult for them to connect with others. - Spontaneity: This is a key concept in Moreno's theory, referring to the ability of individuals  to act freely and creatively in the moment. Spontaneity is seen as an important aspect of personal growth and development, and can be encouraged through various techniques such as role-playing and improvisation. Concepts related to: Group norms Founding of group therapy Different types of groups such as NA, AA, SA, etc. Starting the group process Types of groups (open, closed, psychoeducational, therapy, etc.) Leadership styles Leaders and Co-leaders The study of groups Jacob Moreno - A psychologist who developed the concept of psychodrama, which is a therapeutic technique that involves acting out situations to explore and resolve emotional issues. Group norms - Shared expectations within a group that influence behavior and guide interactions between members. Founding of group therapy - The concept of group therapy was introduced by Joseph Pratt, who created a group of tuberculosis patients to support each other. Different types of groups - Groups that are designed to address specific issues, such as addiction, domestic violence, or mental health. Examples include Narcotics Anonymous (NA), Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), and Sex Addicts Anonymous (SA). Starting the group process - The initial stages of forming a group, which involves establishing group goals, identifying potential members, and creating group norms. Types of groups - Categories that describe the purpose and structure of a group, such as open groups, which allow new members to join at any time, or closed groups, which have a fixed membership. Other types include psychoeducational groups, which aim to teach specific skills, and therapy groups, which focus on emotional healing. Leadership styles - The different approaches a leader can take when working with a group, such as authoritarian, democratic, or laissez-faire. Leaders and Co-leaders - Individuals who take on the responsibility of leading and facilitating group sessions. Co-leaders are two or more people who share this role. The study of groups - A field of research that examines the dynamics of groups, including communication, decision-making, and power structures. Assessment and Testing This section of the study guide covers concepts needed for the exam that surround terms associated with assessment. Understand the terms and concepts related to the following: Resistance Sublimation Projection Individuation Power Test Speed Test Test Battery Test Selection Process Reliability Validity (including construct, face, concurrent, predictive, etc.) IQ Test Culture Fair Test MMPI-2 Myers Briggs Resistance - The psychological defense mechanism, in which an individual denies or refuses to accept facts or reality. Sublimation - The psychological defense mechanism, in which an individual channels their energy into socially acceptable activities or behaviors. Projection - The psychological defense mechanism, in which an individual attributes their own undesirable feelings or thoughts to others. Individuation - The psychological process, in which an individual develops a sense of self and becomes a unique identity. Power Test - A type of psychological test used to measure an individual's ability to perform specific tasks. Speed Test - A type of psychological test used to measure an individual's ability to perform tasks quickly and accurately.  Test Battery - A collection of psychological tests that are administered together to assess various aspects of an individual's personality or abilities. Test Selection Process - The process of selecting and administering psychological tests based on the specific needs of an individual or organization. Reliability - The consistency of results obtained from a test or assessment. Validity - The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. IQ Test - A type of psychological test used to measure an individual's intelligence quotient. Culture Fair Test - A type of psychological test designed to minimize cultural bias and assess cognitive abilities of individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. MMPI-2 - A type of psychological test used to assess personality and identify psychological disorders. Myers Briggs - A personality assessment tool that categorizes individuals into one of 16 personality types based on their preferences for four dichotomies: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. Research and Program Evaluation This section of the review will cover concepts associated with research and the research process. Use the information below as a guide to review concepts and understand the details associated with each. Know and understand the application of the following terms: - Independent Variable: a variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable. - Dependent Variable: a variable that is being measured or observed in an experiment and is affected by the independent variable. - Test Significance: a statistical measure used to determine whether the results of a study are meaningful or not. - Probability: the likelihood of an event occurring, expressed as a number between 0 and 1. - Type I and Type II Errors: Type I error is when a true null hypothesis is rejected, while Type II error is when a false null hypothesis is accepted. - T-Test: a statistical test used to compare the means of two groups and determine whether they are statistically different. - Single-blind Study: a study in which the participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or a placebo, but the researcher does know.  - Double-blind Study: a study in which both the participants and the researcher do not know who is receiving the treatment or a placebo. - Cross-sectional Study: a study that collects data from a group of people at a specific point in time. - Longitudinal Study: a study that follows a group of people over a period of time. - Measures of Central Tendency: statistical measures used to describe the center of a data set, including mean, median, and mode. - Range: the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set. - Normal Distribution: a bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many naturally occurring phenomena. - Bimodal Distribution: a distribution with two peaks or modes. - Placebo Effect: the phenomenon in which a person's belief in a treatment's effectiveness causes them to experience an improvement in symptoms, even though they received a placebo. Rehabilitation Counseling Specialty Review This section of the review will cover concepts related to the program’s specialty area of Rehabilitation Counseling. This section will cover terms from Intro to Rehab, Case Management, Medical Aspects, and Job Development and Placement. 1970’s Key Components of the disability rights movement Smith Fess Act Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Employability and Placeability Supported Employment Assistive Technology Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment Job Restructuring Job Modifications Rehabilitation Counseling Intake Interview Process Super’s Theory Code of Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors Independent Living Movement Concepts of Case Management and Responsibilities Disability Definition Biopsychosocial Model Components of the Central Nervous System Psychosis Diabetes- Conditions and Implications Conditions and professionals related to sight and the eyes Assistive Devices  1970’s Key Components of the disability rights movement: Refers to the major goals of the disability rights movement during the 1970s, which included the right to access public facilities, education, and housing, as well as the right to live independently and work in integrated settings. Smith Fess Act: This act, also known as the Vocational Rehabilitation Act, was signed into law in 1920 and provided federal funding for vocational rehabilitation services for people with disabilities. Rehabilitation Act of 1973: This act provides comprehensive rights and protections for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination based on disability in programs and services that receive federal funding. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: This act is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including employment, education, transportation, and access to public spaces. Employability and Placeability: Employability refers to a person's ability to obtain and maintain employment, while placeability refers to the person's ability to perform specific job tasks in a specific work environment. Supported Employment: A model of vocational rehabilitation that involves providing job coaching and ongoing support to individuals with disabilities to help them succeed in employment. Assistive Technology: Devices, equipment, and software that are designed to help people with disabilities perform tasks that they would otherwise be unable to do. Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment: This theory describes how individuals adjust to their work environment in terms of their vocational needs, abilities, and interests. Job Restructuring: A process of modifying job duties and responsibilities to accommodate the needs of individuals with disabilities. Job Modifications: Changes made to a job to accommodate the needs of an individual with a disability. Rehabilitation Counseling Intake Interview Process: A process used by rehabilitation counselors to gather information about an individual's medical, psychological, and vocational history in order to develop a rehabilitation plan. Super’s Theory: A theory of career development that emphasizes the importance of self-concept and the role of life experiences in shaping career choices. Code of Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors: A set of guidelines that outlines the ethical principles and standards of conduct for rehabilitation counselors. Independent Living Movement: A social and political movement that advocates for the rights of people with disabilities to live independently in their communities.  Concepts of Case Management and Responsibilities: The principles and practices of managing a case involving an individual with a disability, including coordinating services, advocating for the individual, and monitoring progress. Disability Definition: A broad term that encompasses physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments that limit an individual's ability to perform daily tasks. Biopsychosocial Model: A model that considers the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to an individual's health and well-being. Components of the Central Nervous System: The brain and spinal cord, which together make up the central nervous system. Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality, including delusions and hallucinations. Diabetes- Conditions and Implications: A chronic condition in which the body is unable to regulate blood sugar levels, which can lead to a range of health complications. Conditions and professionals related to sight and the eyes: Various eye conditions and professionals, such as optometrists and ophthalmologists, who diagnose and treat eye disorders. Assistive Devices: Devices and equipment that help individuals with disabilities perform daily tasks, such as mobility aids, hearing aids, and communication devices.