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Questions and Answers
What was a unique feature of the living spaces mentioned in the description?
What was a unique feature of the living spaces mentioned in the description?
Which urban design objective focuses on the safety and functionality of public spaces?
Which urban design objective focuses on the safety and functionality of public spaces?
Who proposed the concept of the Garden City?
Who proposed the concept of the Garden City?
In the Garden City model, what was located in the outer ring of the concentric circles?
In the Garden City model, what was located in the outer ring of the concentric circles?
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What was a key aspect of the housing arrangement in Radburn, New Jersey?
What was a key aspect of the housing arrangement in Radburn, New Jersey?
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What does the performance criterion 'legibility' aim to achieve in urban design?
What does the performance criterion 'legibility' aim to achieve in urban design?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Garden City?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Garden City?
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What is a notable feature of the New Town development planning?
What is a notable feature of the New Town development planning?
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What characterizes a hamletted settlement?
What characterizes a hamletted settlement?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding dispersed settlements?
Which of the following statements is true regarding dispersed settlements?
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Which historical period is marked by the development of human settlements into regions like Mesopotamia?
Which historical period is marked by the development of human settlements into regions like Mesopotamia?
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What was a major factor contributing to the end of the settlement in Ur?
What was a major factor contributing to the end of the settlement in Ur?
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Which type of settlement is indicative of severely fragmented resource support?
Which type of settlement is indicative of severely fragmented resource support?
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In which region are hamletted settlements commonly found?
In which region are hamletted settlements commonly found?
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What planning concept was evident in ancient cities like Athens?
What planning concept was evident in ancient cities like Athens?
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Which civilization is noted for its reliance on canals and dams due to flooding?
Which civilization is noted for its reliance on canals and dams due to flooding?
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What continues to be in force until the reviewed building byelaws are notified?
What continues to be in force until the reviewed building byelaws are notified?
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What is one of the primary purposes of zoning regulations?
What is one of the primary purposes of zoning regulations?
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The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Act was enacted to facilitate which of the following?
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Act was enacted to facilitate which of the following?
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What aspect does the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) specifically regulate within zoning regulations?
What aspect does the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) specifically regulate within zoning regulations?
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Which of the following is NOT a common control within zoning regulations?
Which of the following is NOT a common control within zoning regulations?
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What is the minimum width requirement for a separate dining area according to the guidelines?
What is the minimum width requirement for a separate dining area according to the guidelines?
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Which of the following is NOT a purpose of Building Bye-Laws?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of Building Bye-Laws?
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What is the minimum height for a parapet wall as per the standards?
What is the minimum height for a parapet wall as per the standards?
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How often are Building Bye-Laws reviewed after their applicability period?
How often are Building Bye-Laws reviewed after their applicability period?
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What is one primary action that only the government can perform regarding housing markets?
What is one primary action that only the government can perform regarding housing markets?
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What happens in the absence of regulatory building mechanisms?
What happens in the absence of regulatory building mechanisms?
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What type of subsidy aims to encourage the supply of housing?
What type of subsidy aims to encourage the supply of housing?
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How has the approach to housing subsidies shifted in the developed world from the pre-1960s to the post-1960s?
How has the approach to housing subsidies shifted in the developed world from the pre-1960s to the post-1960s?
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What is the combined minimum area requirement for a bathroom and WC?
What is the combined minimum area requirement for a bathroom and WC?
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What is a characteristic of government intervention in markets?
What is a characteristic of government intervention in markets?
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The Building Bye-Laws are developed for which type of building activities?
The Building Bye-Laws are developed for which type of building activities?
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What could be considered a consequence of bureaucracy in market operations?
What could be considered a consequence of bureaucracy in market operations?
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Which entity made efforts to prepare the Model Building Bye-Laws-2016?
Which entity made efforts to prepare the Model Building Bye-Laws-2016?
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What is an example of a demand-side housing subsidy?
What is an example of a demand-side housing subsidy?
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Which of the following actions might the government take to influence housing markets?
Which of the following actions might the government take to influence housing markets?
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Why do markets typically fail according to economic principles?
Why do markets typically fail according to economic principles?
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Study Notes
Rural Settlements
- Dominant Communities are located in the centre of villages.
- Lower Status Communities occupy the outer flanks of settlements.
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Hamletted Settlements:
- Large settlements fragmented into smaller units.
- Units have a shared name, but are physically separated.
- Occurs due to social and ethnic factors.
- Examples include: panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani.
- Mainly found in the Ganga plains and lower valleys of the Himalayas.
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Dispersed Settlements:
- Remote jungles, small hills, farms and pastures on the slopes.
- Settlement composed of isolated huts.
- Results from very fragmented and small resource support.
- Found in Meghalaya, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala.
Historical Period and Growth of Human Settlements
- Ancient - Mesopotamia, Greek
- Medieval
- Renaissance
- Industrial
- Post-industrial
Ancient: Mesopotamia Civilization
- Ur
- Important Sumerian City.
- Located in ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq)
- Rich and fertile land due to alluvial soil from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
- City's collapse resulted from shifts in the course of the rivers.
- Notable feature: Ziggurat
- Extensive canal and dam network to control flooding.
Ancient: Greek Civilization
- Developed around the Mediterranean Sea.
- Mainland was rugged and not ideal for agriculture.
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City Planning:
- Old cities (e.g., Athens) had irregular street plans due to organic growth.
- New cities (e.g., Hellenistic period) featured grid street plans.
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City Structure:
- Acropolis (fortified hilltop)
- Agora (marketplace)
- Town with housing units.
- Housing units (courtyards) comprised of:
- Living space, upstairs room.
- Kitchens and toilets shared by 16 households.
- Outdoor toilets, cooking storage areas, cesspools for waste.
- Street design, featuring double rows of buildings, no front windows, no backyards.
- Central sewer lines in streets.
Evolution in Planning
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Utopian Design Objectives:
- Character: Distinct sense of place reflective of the local context.
- Continuity & Enclosure: Continuous frontages, defined public and private spaces.
- Quality of Public Realm: Safe, attractive, lively and functional public spaces.
- Ease of Movement: Accessible, well-connected, pedestrian-friendly environment.
- Legibility: Easily understandable, navigable environment.
- Adaptability: Flexible, adaptable public and private spaces.
- Diversity: Varied environment, offering a range of experiences.
Town Planning: The Garden City
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Ebenezer Howard (1898) Proposed a series of concentric circles:
- Inner core: Civic centre
- Outer Ring: Green belt for agriculture and institutional use.
- Between: Housing and industry.
- Wellwyn and Letchworth: First Garden cities in England.
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Clarence Stein and Henry Wright (USA):
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Radburn, New Jersey
- Housing clusters with restricted vehicle access, separated garages connected by walkways.
- Central village green with small patios.
- Suited for all ages.
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Radburn, New Jersey
New Town
- Developed away from core areas, but with essential infrastructure.
- Sir Patrick Abercrombie (1944) developed the Greater London Plan.
- Examples of new towns in India: Rourkela, Bhilai, Durgapur, Ranchi.
Government and Housing Markets
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Government Role:
- Planning
- Legislation
- Regulation
- Funding
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Action Only Government Can Take:
- Controlling rents.
- Subsidizing owner-occupation.
- Economic control through interest rates and spending priorities.
- Take advantage of economies of scale.
- Override free market mechanisms.
- Universality in provision (e.g., National Healthcare Services in the UK).
- Uniformity in provision (e.g., stamps).
- Targeted provision for underrepresented groups/areas.
Influencing and Controlling Markets
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Supply-Side Housing Subsidies:
- Encourages a rise in housing supply.
- Examples: Subsidies to housing providers, often used to influence building types.
- Common approach in developing world (pre-1960s).
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Demand-Side Housing Subsidies:
- Increases demand for existing housing stock.
- Examples: Tax relief for owner-occupiers, housing allowances for social renters.
- Shift in approach towards this in the developed world (post-1960s).
- Common approach in developing world (post-1960s).
Why Markets Fail?
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Imperfect Information:
- Consumers cannot effectively compare different sellers.
- Factors like bureaucracy, political favoritism, or random chance may influence choices.
Building Codes / Building Bye-Laws
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Building Bye-Laws:
- Legal instruments regulating aspects like building coverage, height, bulk, and architectural design.
- Purpose is to achieve orderly development and prevent hazards (e.g., fire, earthquakes, noise, structural failures).
- Prevent chaotic development, ensure user convenience, and maintain building aesthetics.
- Model Building Bye-Laws- 2016 provided by TCPO for state governments and urban local bodies.
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Jurisdiction:
- Applies to building activities within specific states, cities, or towns.
- Ideally, it should encompass all contiguous urban settlements in an agglomeration.
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Applicability:
- Applies to all building activities.
- Read in conjunction with master plans, development plans, regional plans, and relevant notifications.
- Valid for 5 years and require review afterward.
Building Bye-Laws: Typical Contents
- Definitions
- Coverage
- Height & Area
- Setbacks & Open Spaces
- Floor Space Index
- Building Lines
- Parking
- Construction
- Fire Prevention
- Sanitation
- Environmental Protection
- Other Relevant Regulations
Zoning Regulations
- Purpose: Control land use and development within specific city or region areas.
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Aims:
- Promote organized growth.
- Prevent incompatible land uses.
- Ensure sustainable urban development.
- Regulate and control land and property markets to ensure complementary uses.
- Stimulate or slow down development in specific areas.
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Common Controls:
- Setback Requirements
- Building Height Restrictions
- Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
- Ground Coverage
- Parking Requirements
- Land Use Intensity
- Environmental Considerations
Land Acquisition Acts
- Power of union and state governments in India to acquire private land for industrialization, infrastructure development or urbanization.
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Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR Act, 2013):
- Repealed the Land Acquisition Act of 1894.
- Provides for compensation and rehabilitation/resettlement of affected landowners.
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Description
Explore the various types of rural settlements and their characteristics. Understand the historical development of human settlements from ancient Mesopotamia to the post-industrial era. This quiz covers different settlement patterns and their social, ethnic, and geographical factors.
