Settlement Studies: Evolution of Human Settlements PDF

Settlement Studies Unit-1 Lecture-2 Evolution of Human Settlements: Human Settlement means cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live. For this purpose, people may erect houses and command some area or territory as their economic support-base. Urban settle...

Settlement Studies Unit-1 Lecture-2 Evolution of Human Settlements: Human Settlement means cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live. For this purpose, people may erect houses and command some area or territory as their economic support-base. Urban settlements are generally compact and larger in size. They are engaged in a variety of nonagricultural, economic and administrative functions. They are functionally linked to rural areas around them. Thus, they are connected directly as well as indirectly with the villages and also with each other. Factors influencing the establishment of Human Settlement Physical Factors: Topography, Climate, Soil, availability of water and vegetation. Cultural and Ethnic Factors: Social Structure, Caste and Religion. Security Factor: Defense against theft, robberies etc. Accessibility: Need to communicate to other areas for Trade and travel. Factors influencing the establishment of Human Settlement Physical Factors: Nature of terrain: - Dispersed type of settlements is found in remote jungles, small hills of Himachal Pradesh. Compact settlements are found in highly productive alluvial plains of Punjab. Altitude: - Dispersed settlements are found in hills of Meghalaya and clustered and semi-clustered settlements are found in Gujarat plains. Climate: - due to frequent droughts settlement may become hamletted. Availability of water and vegetation: - Scarcity of water in Rajasthan has resulted in development of compact settlements. Vegetation is a major source of rain, food and shelter. Factors influencing the establishment of Human Settlement Cultural and ethnic factors – Caste and tribal structure: - due to ethnic factors settlement may become fragmented and Hamletted e.g. Chhattisgarh. Religion – people of same religion prefer to live together making a settlement large or small. Security factors – Defense from invasions and Wild animals: - due to defense from dacoits, wild animals or fear settlements may cluster and form compact settlements. Accessibility— Need to communicate to other areas for Trade, travel and commerce. Types of Settlements : Rural and Urban. Settlements can be classified into Rural and Urban. Rural Settlement The rural settlements derive their life support or basic economic needs from land based primary economic Isolated Dwelling Hamlet activities, whereas, urban settlements, depend on Village processing of raw materials and manufacturing of finished goods on the one hand and a variety of services on the other. Cities act as nodes of economic growth. Urban Urban Settlement settlements provide goods and services to the people of the rural settlements and in return rural settlement Town City provide food and raw materials. This functional Conurbation relationship between the urban and rural settlements takes place through transport and communication network. Rural and Urban settlements. Rural people are less mobile and therefore, social relations among them are intimate. In urban areas, on the other hand, way of life is complex and fast, and social relations are formal. Rural settlements are small in size because they depend on extensive land for cultivation etc. Whereas urban settlements are large and compact. Types of Rural settlements. The type of rural settlements in India is determined by the extent of built-up area and the inter-house distance. They are of 4 types: - 1) Clustered, agglomerated and nucleated settlement: - a. In this type of settlement the built-up area is compact and inter-house distance is small. b. In this type of village the general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms. c. Such settlements are found in highly productive alluvial plains (Punjab), in the valleys of Shivalik (Dehradun) and in north eastern states. d. Such settlements are also formed due to security and defense reasons (e.g. Madhya Pradesh) or scarcity of water or cultivable land (Rajasthan). Types of Rural settlements. 2) Semi-clustered or Fragmented settlements: - a. In this type of settlement the built-up area is less compact as compared to the clustered settlement. b. It may result from segregation or fragmentation of a large compact village. c. Some sections of a village society choose or is forced to live a little away from the main cluster or village. d. The land-owning and dominant community occupies the central part of the main village, whereas people of lower status of settle on the outer flanks of the village. e. Such settlements are found in Gujarat plain and parts of Rajasthan. Types of Rural settlements. 3) Hamletted settlement: - a. When a large settlement gets fragmented into several smaller units physically separated from each other but bears a common name it forms hamletted settlement. b. It occurs due to social and ethnic factors. c. These small units of settlements are known as panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani etc. d. Such settlements are found in Ganga plains, lower valleys of Himalayas. Types of Rural settlements. 4) Dispersed settlement: - a. When a settlement has a few isolated huts it is called dispersed settlement. b. These types of settlements are found in remote jungles, small hills with a few farms and pastures on the slope. c. It results from extremely fragmented and small resource support. d. They are found in Meghalaya, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala. Historical Period and growth of Human Settlements: 1. Ancient 2. Medieval 3. Renaissance 4. Industrial 5. Post-industrial age Ancient: Mesopotamia Civilization The city of Ur Famous for Ziggurat Oldest settlement of the world. Ur was an important Sumerian City or State in ancient Mesopotamia now Iraq. It had a rich and fertile land. Alluvial soil laid down by the twin rivers Tigris & Euphrates. The river changed is course- The settlement came to an end. In order to harness the power of the floods there were many canals & dams were constructed. Ancient: Greek Civilization Greek civilization developed in the mainland that extends into the Mediterranean Sea. Greek mainland was rocky and barren therefore was not suitable for agriculture. Planning Concept: Old city such as Athens had irregular street plans reflecting their gradual organic development. New cities such as colonial cities established during the Hellenistic period had a grid iron street plan. Usually city is divided in Acropolis, Agora & Town. Towns had fixed boundaries and sometimes with fortification. Medieval Settlements: The Medieval age was the greatest town founding period in the history. It began with Charlemagne, who laid the foundations of many new towns (800-814 AD) It was also a period in the history when ordinary people began to take an acknowledged place in the society, birth, wealth and power began to give way to personal merit. The medieval city evolved out of a variety of nuclei. It is possible to distinguish the following important growth points or take-off points on which the development of the medieval city is based. The amphitheatre at Arles serving as fortification of urban housing since early medieval period view of 1686. Medieval Settlements: Classifications Medieval towns can be classified according to functions eg: Farm Towns: especially in Scandinavia and Britain. Fortress Towns: Toledo, Edinburgh, Tours, Warwick. Church Towns: York, Chartres. Merchant Prince Towns: Florence, Siena. Hanseatic Towns: Mostly in Germany, along the Baltic coast, such as Elbing (Elbląg), Thorn (Toruń), Reval (Tallinn), Riga, and Dorpat (Tartu) Farm Town in England Warwick Castle England Chartres Cathedral, France Merchant town in Florence Hanseatic Port, Germany Medieval Settlements: Characteristics Area: Medium sized towns not over 50 ha (124 acres), many small sized towns 4-10 ha (10- 25 acres). Population: Cologne in 1248 had 25,000 population. Location: These cities were established in varied locations like plains, hillside, hill tops, valleys, islands, river crossing etc. Site selection would depend on a combination of traditional needs, such as protection, economy, suitable communications ad fertile hinterland. Cologne (currently one of the largest cities in western Germany) during 1411. Medieval Settlements: Characteristics Shape: The shape or outline of town plan was delineated by a wall which would protect the city. A wall had to have the shortest circumference possible and take advantage of topographical features. Simple geometric plans were adopted whenever possible especially in flat country. Medieval Settlements: Characteristics Plan: Variety of forms, shapes reflecting different planning ideas and needs. The planning was influenced by the location, time, purpose of the city and existence of any previous settlements. Structure: Can be regarded as archetype of industrial settlements. Long narrow streets flanked by houses of traders. Linear plans having one or more axes with longitudinal main streets lined with continuous buildings running through the settlement. Medieval Settlements: Characteristics Form of Growth: The principal axis invariably ensured the formation of a street market settlement. This preceded the later, centralized market square. E.g. in south-west Germany 12th century, most towns were based on street market plans. In 13th century market squares became more common. Two or more market streets system intersected at right angles forming a cross and ultimately nearby forming a new market place. Regular spaced pattern of intersecting streets form rib or fishbone pattern. Radial development- Gradual growth around a central nucleus, such as church, monastery, temple, castle. Expansion takes place in series of consecutive rings of residential development. Renaissance & Baroque Period: Form and Function of the city changed significantly during the Renaissance (1500-1600) and Baroque (1600-1800) period. City size grew rapidly because bureaucracies of regional power structures came to dominate them. Trade pattern expanded with the beginning of European imperial conquest. City planning and military technology acted to remold and constrain the physical form of the city. During 1800s, Napoleon III carried out a building plan in Paris. Streets were straightened and widened and cul-de-sacs broken down to give army to maneuver. Thousands were displaced as apartment buildings were demolished. Many ended up in congested working class section in east and north Paris. The east and north sections are still crowded today. Pedestrians set the scale of the town. Design Features of Renaissance City: Regular geometric shapes (entire city or part of) The primary streets The public spaces/squares/piazzas/with sculptures and fountains. Absolute standards-Symmetry, harmony, scale, proportion, balance, rhythm, sequence and perspective. Was conceived as a centralized unit. Urban society was divided by class conflicts. New bonds were formed based on trade and economy; increasing specialization of work, and by the princes who held the power of the state. Horizons widened as towns lost their narrow limitations and their urban areas expanded. The upper class exerted decisive influence upon the life of cities, towns and architecture. Was dominated by formal planning and principles. Public spaces showing sequence and perspective. Graphical Representation of Vitruvius’ description of his Ideal City: Vitruvius describes how to trace the direction of the eight winds astronomically and relates the tracing of the street network of the city to the form of the wind rose. Form of the proposed city is radial-concentric, a pattern that exercised a powerful influence on the Renaissance model city. The wind rose is founded on numbers considered perfect, and the city emerges from the perfect geometrical figure of the circle and the marked qualities of the square. Since the geometrical complex of the windrose- cum-city almost coincides with Vitruvius's geometry of the human body, the city also has an anthropomorphic connotation. Industrial Era: Industrial cities appeared after the full development of industrial capitalism in the core nation states of the late 18th century world system. Their urban cultural role fit well with the capitalist economic order that came to dominate all other social institutions. Capitalism depended on the production of commodities through wage labor in the interests of capital accumulation. Industrial revolution started in Britain in 18th Century. It swept across Western Europe and much of North America. Later to Asian Countries. Industrial Cities: An Industrial city is a city that builds its economy and develops on commercial production and sales of goods. It is an area which has been specially planned for lot of factories. Sometimes Industrial cities are called as Industrial parks or Industrial estates. Transport- played a major role towards growth of trade and economy. Many industries like textile industry, flourished due to invention of power driven machine which replaced hand tools. High demand and mass production Social structure was divided into: Upper class, middle class and working class. Population growth due to high migration rate. Industrial Cities: Character and Impact on Architecture & City Planning. They are built in courts, the principle is that 3 walls are shared with other houses reducing the amount of materials used. Compact houses with very narrow streets. Doesn’t allow much light or air to enter into the spaces. Each unit comprised of a lobby/living space & an upstairs room, kitchen and toilet were shared between 16 households. Each house could have 1 to 3 families living inside & even possible animals. The courtyard had outdoor toilet, cooking storage areas and cesspool (a hole to receive the waste from the house). Built in double rows. No windows at front. No backyard A sewer runs in the middle of the street Evolution in Planning: Evolution in Planning: Utopian Design Objectives: Urban Design Objectives Performance Criteria Character A distinct sense of place responding to the local context. Continuity & enclosure Continuity of frontages, defined public & private spaces Quality of Public realm Safe, attractive, lively & functional public space Ease of movement An accessible, well connected, pedestrian friendly Legibility A readily understandable, easily navigable environment Adaptability Flexible & adaptable public & private environment Diversity A varied environment offering a range of experiences. Town Planning: The Garden City Town Planning: The Garden City Garden City: By Ebenezer Howard in 1898. He proposed a series of concentric circles. Inner core as civic centre and outer ring would be green belt for agriculture and institutional use. Between these would be housing and a section of industry Wellwyn and Letchworth were the first garden cities in England Architect Clarence Stein and Henry Wright were pioneers in USA, Radburn , New Jersey Houses were arranged as clusters of dwelling units Vehicles restriction till garage separated from buildings and connected by walkways. Small patio with access to central village green Suited for people of all ages New Town Away from the core but with all the infrastructure Sir Patrick Abercrombie made greater London plan in 1944 Examples in India are Rourkela, Bhilai, Durgapur, Ranchi etc. Town Planning: The Garden City Town Planning: The Garden City Town Planning: The Garden City Review& Analysis Post-Industrial era – Twentieth century Theories in Urban Planning The Concentric Zone Model This theory, developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess in the 1920s, proposes that cities are composed of a series of concentric zones, each with its own characteristics and functions. The model suggests that social and economic activity is more concentrated in the center of the city, with lower- income and disadvantaged populations living in the outer zones. Post-Industrial era – Twentieth century Theories in Urban Planning The Central Place Theory The Central Place Theory is a framework for understanding the spatial distribution of cities and the factors that influence the location and size of urban centers. Developed by German geographer Walter Christaller in the 1930s, the theory proposes that cities are organized in a hierarchical pattern, with larger cities serving as centers for the surrounding smaller towns and villages. According to the Central Place Theory, the size and location of a city is determined by its “market area,” or the geographical region it serves as a center for goods and services. Larger cities are thought to have larger market areas and to serve a greater number of smaller settlements, while smaller cities are thought to have smaller market areas and to serve a smaller number of settlements. Post-Industrial era – Twentieth century Theories in Urban Planning The Sector Model This theory, developed by Homer Hoyt in the 1940s, is similar to the Concentric Zone Model, but it divides the city into sectors rather than concentric zones. The model suggests that different land uses and population groups are organized in a radial pattern around the city center. Post-Industrial era – Twentieth century Theories in Urban Planning The Multiple Nuclei Model This theory, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1950s, challenges the idea of a single central business district and proposes that cities have multiple centers of economic and social activity. The model suggests that cities are more complex and dynamic than the Concentric Zone and Sector models suggest. Post-Industrial era – Twentieth century Theories in Urban Planning The Theory of Community Development This theory, developed in the 1960s, emphasizes the importance of community involvement and empowerment in the planning process. The theory advocates for a bottom-up approach to planning, where the needs and desires of local residents are taken into account. More Concepts and Theories Source - https://urbandesignlab.in/top-15- theories-in-urban-planning/ Post-Industrial Age: The Classic Industrial Cities 1850s Industrial Cities 1945-1975 Post Industrial Cities: What do you mean by urbanization? What is the level of urbanization in India? Urbanization is measured as a percentage of Rural – Urban Population Distribution urban population to total population. The level of urbanization in India in 2021 was 35.4 percent, which is quite low in comparison to Year 1961 Year 2011 developed countries. Total : 439.2 million Total : 1210.6 million Rural : 360.3 million Rural : 833.5 million Urban : 78.9 million Urban : 377.1 million % urban population : 18.0 % urban population : 31.1 Projected population 2025 – 1394 million Projected population 2050 – 1640 million Classification of Urban Areas in India Statutory Towns – All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board, notified town area committee, etc. 4,041 3,894 Census Towns – All places with a minimum population of 5000, 75% of the male main working population engaged in non- Statutory Towns Census Towns agricultural pursuits and a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. Urban Agglomerations (UAs) – A Continuous urban spread comprising one or more towns and their adjoining outgrowth. 475 981 Out Growths (OGs) – Areas around a core city or town, such as well- Urban Out Growths recognised places like Railway colonies, University campuses, port Agglomerations areas etc. lying outside the limit of town. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Sustainability The principles of sustainability reinforce the definition of the term- to make living comfortable for the current generation without affecting future generations. The principles include- human, social, economic, and environmental. All of these principles are intertwined, making it hard to distinguish them clearly. Emphasizing environmentally friendly practices, energy efficiency, and green spaces to create cities that minimize their ecological impact. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Smart Cities Utilizing technology and data to enhance efficiency, connectivity, and overall quality of life for residents. Characteristics of Smart city include: a technology-based infrastructure environmental initiatives a high-functioning public transportation system a confident sense of urban planning humans live and work within the city and utilize its resources. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a planning and design strategy that promotes urban development that is compact, mixed-use, pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly, and closely integrated with mass transit by clustering jobs, housing, services, and amenities around public transport stations. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) There are a few principles on which efficient TOD functions- Rapid, quality, and affordable public transport Active or non-motorized mode of transport Management of private vehicular use A mixed-use development of neighbourhoods and thus buildings with better efficiency Active and lively public spaces/breathing voids Community participation and active consensus-building Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Mixed-Use Development Integrating residential, commercial, and recreational spaces within the same area to encourage a vibrant and diverse community. As an urban design concept, mixed-use development (sometimes referred to as mixed-use zoning or mixed-use planning) combines residential, commercial, cultural, and institutional uses into a single building, area or space. Mixed-use developments provide developers, residents and tenants with more options within a condensed area, including multi-family residential and commercial zoning opportunities. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Mixed-Use Development Benefits of Mixed-use development greater housing variety and density, more affordable housing (smaller units), life-cycle housing (starter homes to larger homes to senior housing) and multi-family residential more walkable communities reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail spaces, and other amenities and destinations (intuitive commercial zoning) better access to fresh, healthy foods (as food retail and farmers’ markets can be accessed on foot/bike or by transit) More compact development, and land-use synergy (e.g. residents provide customers for retail which provides amenities for residents) stronger neighbourhood character, "sense of place", community identity Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Accessibility Conventional priority hierarchy Sustainable transport hierarchy Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Accessibility Designing cities that are accessible to people of all abilities and socio-economic backgrounds, promoting inclusivity and social equity. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Adaptive Reuse Repurposing existing structures for new functions, contributing to the preservation of historical buildings and reducing the need for new construction. Adaptive reuse or building conversion refers to renovating, repurposing, or redeveloping an existing building or structure for a new use or function while retaining as much of its original character and historic value as possible. This approach allows older or underutilized buildings to be brought back into productive use rather than demolished, which can be both environmentally and economically beneficial. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Adaptive Reuse Benefits of Adaptive Reuse Adaptive reuse holds immense benefits for cities and towns. Instead of demolishing old buildings or embarking on expensive new construction projects, local municipalities can leverage underutilized or vacant buildings. This practice is not only cost-effective and sustainable, but it also preserves the historical and cultural heritage of a building but also revitalizes and rejuvenates the urban landscape. Key building conversion include: Sustainability: One of the primary advantages of adaptive reuse is its positive impact on the environment. Repurposing existing structures reduces the need for new construction materials and minimizes waste from demolishing old buildings. This conservation of resources and reduction in carbon emissions contribute to a more sustainable built environment. Economic Development: Adaptive reuse can contribute to the economic growth of a city or town. Converting old buildings into attractive spaces for businesses, restaurants, or creative hubs attracts investment and tourism, creating new job opportunities and fostering economic development. Reduced Infrastructure Demand: These projects often occur in urban areas where infrastructure is already in place, reducing the need for additional public services and infrastructure investments. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Benefits of Adaptive Reuse Cost Savings: In many cases, renovating an existing structure can be more cost-effective than building a new one from scratch. This is because the basic framework and some infrastructure are already in place, reducing construction and land acquisition expenses. Faster Project Delivery: Adaptive reuse projects often have shorter development timelines than new construction, as they don’t require the same groundwork and approvals. This means that the new use or function can be realized more quickly. Even more so, they can be completed on time and on budget with the design-build method. Community: Converting old buildings provides opportunities for community engagement and social cohesion. When old buildings are repurposed for community centers, schools, or libraries, they become gathering places that foster interaction and connectivity among residents. In this way, adaptive reuse benefits the physical environment and strengthens the social fabric of cities and towns. Historic Preservation: By repurposing existing structures, we can ensure a historic building’s continued relevance in contemporary society. This practice not only safeguards the physical integrity of these structures but also maintains their cultural significance. Through this process, cultural heritage is preserved and celebrated, creating a harmonious blend of past and present that enriches the cultural fabric of a place. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Community Engagement Community engagement is an array of participatory processes where the public is involved in urban planning. Community engagement aims to achieve equitable and impactful participation of residents and stakeholders in the development of their living environments. The spectrum of community engagement - Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Community Engagement Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Resilience Planning Addressing the challenges posed by climate change, natural disasters, and other potential threats to create cities that can adapt and withstand various shocks. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Resilience Planning Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario GREEN PLANNING OF PUBLIC SPACES: Cities are being planned and designed for people, with ‘green’ streets, new corridors and public spaces as centres of social life. SMART HEALTH COMMUNITIES: Cities develop healthcare ecosystems that are focused not only on diagnosing and treating sickness but also on supporting well-being through early intervention and prevention while leveraging digital technologies. 15-MINUTE CITY: Cities are being designed in a way that amenities and most services are within a 15- minute walking or cycling distance, creating a new neighbourhood approach. MOBILITY: INTELLIGENT, SUSTAINABLE AND AS-A-SERVICE: Cities work towards offering digital, clean, intelligent, autonomous and intermodal mobility, with more walking and cycling spaces, where transport is commonly provided as a service. INCLUSIVE SERVICES AND PLANNING: Cities evolve to have inclusive services and approaches, fighting inequalities by providing access to housing and infrastructure, equal rights and participation, as well as jobs and opportunities. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario DIGITAL INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM: Cities attract talent, enable creativity and encourage disruptive thinking, developing themselves through an innovation model approach and a combination of physical and digital elements. CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND PRODUCING LOCALLY: Cities adopt circular models based on a healthy circulation of resources, and on principles of sharing, reusing and restoration, with an emphasis on limiting municipal waste volumes and on producing locally – for instance, by urban farming. SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE: Cities aim to have regenerated buildings; they leverage data to optimise energy consumption and the use and management of resources in buildings and utilities: waste, water and energy. MASS PARTICIPATION: Cities evolve to be human-centred and designed by and for their citizens, promoting mass participation by the ecosystem in a collaborative process and following open government policies. CITY OPERATIONS THROUGH AI: Cities adopt automated processes and operations (orchestrated by a city platform) and are following data-driven planning approaches. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario CYBERSECURITY AND PRIVACY AWARENESS: Cities strive to promote awareness of the importance of data privacy and preparedness for the impact of cyberattacks since data will be an important city commodity. SURVEILLANCE AND PREDICTIVE POLICING THROUGH AI: Cities are leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure safety and security for their citizens while safeguarding privacy and fundamental human rights. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario New Urbanism is an urban design movement that emerged in the late 20th century as a response to the negative impacts of urban sprawl and suburbanization. It promotes the creation of walkable, mixed-use communities with a focus on sustainability, connectivity, and a sense of place. The principles of New Urbanism advocate for pedestrian-friendly streets, diverse housing options, accessible public spaces, and a compact, vibrant urban form. Key concepts of New Urbanism – Mixed-Use Development: New Urbanism promotes the integration of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces within neighbourhoods. This encourages a diverse range of activities and reduces the need for long commutes. Walkability: Pedestrian-friendly design is central to New Urbanism. Streets are designed with sidewalks, crosswalks, and narrow streets to encourage walking and cycling as primary modes of transportation. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): New Urbanism often incorporates public transportation systems, such as buses, trains, or light rail, to provide residents with convenient access to transportation options beyond personal vehicles. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND): New Urbanism draws inspiration from traditional neighbourhood layouts, characterized by a mix of housing types, compact development, and a network of interconnected streets and alleys. Density: New Urbanism advocates for higher population densities to support vibrant communities and efficient land use. This often involves compact development, multi-story buildings, and infill development within existing urban areas. Green Spaces and Parks: Incorporating parks, greenways, and other public spaces is essential to New Urbanism. These areas provide opportunities for recreation, social interaction, and ecological benefits within the built environment. Sustainability: New Urbanism prioritizes environmentally sustainable practices, such as energy-efficient building design, green infrastructure, and the preservation of natural habitats. This includes strategies to reduce carbon emissions and promote resilience to climate change. Sense of Place: New Urbanism aims to create neighbourhoods with a distinct sense of place and identity. This often involves preserving historic buildings, fostering local culture, and promoting architectural diversity. Latest trends in Urban Planning – Global & Indian Scenario Community Engagement: New Urbanism emphasizes the importance of involving residents and stakeholders in the planning and design process. Collaborative decision-making helps ensure that developments meet the needs and preferences of the people who live and work in them. Smart Growth: New Urbanism aligns with the principles of smart growth, which seek to create livable, sustainable communities by promoting compact development, mixed land uses, and efficient transportation options while preserving natural and agricultural lands. THANK YOU  UNIT-II Housing Lecture – 1 of 2 ARC-4103: Settlement Studies DISCLAIMER: This presentation is prepared for educational purpose only and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of the content. All copyrighted materials (including the drawings, sketches, images, texts and other contents) in this presentation belong to the respective copyright owners, and have been used in this presentation for educational purpose only. No part of this presentation should be shared, used, or circulated without the prior permission of the author(s). Prepared by Babar Javed 2024 Assistant Professor- Senior Scale 1 Housing Everyone has a fundamental human right to housing, which ensures access to a safe, secure, habitable, and affordable home. UN-Habitat places affordability, sustainability and inclusiveness of the housing sector at the core of the urbanization process to ensure access to adequate housing for all. Housing is more than just a roof; it’s the opportunity for better lives and a better future. 2  Contents § Introduction § The role of housing § Current scenario of cities § Interrelated components of SDG 11.1 § Important terms § Housing classification § Housing quality § ‘Affordable housing’ vs. ‘housing affordability’ § Housing affordability § Housing Need, Demand, and Supply § Social/Public housing and welfare state § Housing Markets 3  Introduction Housing: The provision of accommodation? Housing generally refers to the social problem of ensuring that members of society have a home in which to live, whether this is a house, or some other kind of dwelling, lodging, or shelter. A basic human right unmet: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, and housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. (Source: UN, (1948), Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25) 4  The role of housing Housing may have several roles such as: § Shelter: to inhabit. § Commodity: to invest and sell. § Political tool: to encircle with other conflicting communities to avoid making a contiguous community. § Social tool: – post-conflict restorative justice: e.g., prisoners building no-cost homes for survivors to show their amends. A step towards peace. – community integration: mixed communities reportedly improve cohesion, reduce crime, and improve employment and services. However, caution is needed to avoid gentrification, which often causes migration of marginalized populations. 5  Current scenario of cities Globally: § Half of humanity lives in cities today. By 2030, almost 60% of the world’s population will live in urban areas. § 828 million people live in slums today and the number keeps rising. India: § About 36% of the population in India resides in cities, and it is expected to become 50% in three to four decades. § By 2030, India is expected to be home to 6 mega-cities with populations above 10 million. § Currently 17% of India’s urban population lives in slums. (Source: NITI Aayog, 2024) 6 Interrelated components of SDG 11.1 7  Important Terms House: § A building or part of a building having a separate main entrance from the road or a common courtyard or staircase etc. § Can be vacant or inhabited. § Can be used for residential or non-residential purposes or both. (Census of India) Household (HH): § A group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen. (Census of India) Household Normal Institutional Houseless Tenure: § Tenure refers to legal and financial arrangements under which the household occupies housing. § Four primary types: Homeownership/ owner occupation (outright or mortgaged), Private renting, Social/Public Housing, and Squatting. § Less common forms: Cooperative ownership, intermediate ownership. 8  Important Terms Dwelling Unit (DU): § An entire structure or part thereof or consisting of more than one structure. § Any portion used for residential/non-residential purposes is considered a part of DU. § Any portion exclusively used for non-residential purposes or rented to other HHs is not considered a part of DU. Housing Density: § Gross Density: No. of persons per acre/hectare over the whole of a defined area, including public buildings, large open spaces, and roads. Gross Density = No. of people/ Gross Area § Net Density: No. of persons per acre/hectare of residential area including small garden patches, internal roads, etc. Gross Area Net Density = No. of people/ Net Area Image source: Adobe Stock Net Area 9  Important Terms Housing Shortage: Lack of number of houses needed to accommodate the population of an area. The components of housing shortage are: § Obsolescence Factor: non-serviceable, kuccha, or dilapidated houses. § Congestion Factor: more than ‘2 families’ or ‘one family + 1 or more adults’ living in a single room. § Houselessness: households having no house to live in. 10  Housing Classifications Housing Classifications Ownership Type Type of Construction Structural Conditions Economic Group § Group Housing § Single-Detached § Pucca: Walls and roofs § EWS (18 LPA): Carpet accommodations neither be classified as area 200 m2 Pucca nor Kutcha. Others: Squatter settlements and slums: Notified Slums: notified by the government. Recognized Slums: recognized as slum but not formally notified by government. Identified Slums: Population >=300 or 60-70 HH with poor congested tenements. 11  Housing Quality The concept of quality is subjective and contestable. Two particularly useful indicators of housing quality are: Slum Quality (UN-HABITAT, 2005; 2010) Qualities of Housing (Al Betawi, 2022) § Five forms of shelter deprivations are § Three qualities of housing: used to measure the quality of a slum: - Provision (e.g. affordability and - Access to water availability) - Access to sanitation - Context (e.g. neighborhood - Non-durable housing services and facilities) - Insufficient living area, and - Dwelling (e.g. design, building - Security of tenure. fabric, space, and function) 12  ‘Affordable housing’ vs. ‘housing affordability’ The concept of affordability is complex and is not easy to define. § At the most simplistic level, it is the ‘ability and willingness to pay’. § ‘Affordability’ is a concept that is relative and varies from person to person. ‘Affordable housing' is a generic term used to Affordable housing is defined from the government’s indicate a housing unit especially low-cost, which is perspective, i.e., supply-side and pertains to the supply of assumed to meet the criterion that it is affordable housing units or enabling individuals access to low-cost for a large number of individuals and the price of affordable housing. the unit is on the lower side of the spectrum. ‘Housing affordability’, on the other hand, denotes the maximum amount any household is expected to Housing affordability is defined from the demand-side pay toward meeting their housing costs. perspective and relates to housing prices and income of the households expressed as the housing cost-to-income ratio. (Gabriel et al., 2005; Khaire and Jha, 2024) 13 Housing affordability A well-accepted comprehensive definition is given by Bramley (1990): ‘…households should be able to occupy housing that meets well-established (social sector) norms of adequacy (given household type and size) at a net rent, which leaves them enough income to live on without falling below some poverty standard.’ Housing Cost The housing affordability issue is generally operationalized as “a net monthly expenditure on housing cost that exceeds 30% Expenses & HH Size & of the total monthly income of the household.” Savings Age Group (UN-Habitat, 2019) Affordability The affordability of a household at a given location is an outcome of Household Funding & the following depicted factors. Income Mortgage Policies 14 Variables involved in housing affordability Source: UN-HABITAT, 2011 15 Measures of housing affordability Source: UN-HABITAT, 2011 16 Housing affordability in India While the Below Poverty Line (BPL), Lower Income Group-I (LIG-I) and Lower Income Group-II (LIG-II) households together constitute the base of India’s income pyramid; these three sub-segments have low and lowest level of affordability. In contrast, the Middle-Income Group (MIG) and High-Income Group (HIG) have comparatively high affordability. The generally accepted standard of affordability is four times the annual household income. (MoHUPA, 2012) Source: Khaire and Jha (2024) 17  Housing affordability in India The house price-to-income ratio is reported to Household Group Annual Income House Price (Affordability be 50 for BPL, 27 for EWS, and 9 for LIG. These (INR) Limit) (INR) ratios are way above the recommended ratio Below Poverty Line (BPL) Up to ₹ 90,000 ₹ 3,60,000 of 4; the lesser the income more the affordability gap. (Tiwari and Rao, 2020) Economically Weaker Up to ₹ 3,00,000 ₹ 12,00,000 Section (EWS) An RBI study (2018) observed affordability out Lower Income Group ₹ 3,00,000 to of 49 cities: ₹ 12,00,000 to 24,00,000 (LIG) 6,00,000 § EWS and LIG: only 5 of the 49 cities, Middle Income Group I ₹ 6,00,000 to § MIG: 9 cities, and (MIG-I) 12,00,000 ₹ 24,00,000 to 48,00,000 § Higher MIG: 18 cities. Middle Income Group II ₹ 12,00,000 to ₹ 48,00,000 to 72,00,000 (MIG-II) 18,00,000 The affordability issue severely restricts the accessibility to housing for the urban migrants in Affordability limits for households in urban areas terms of the selection of cities as the low-income Source: MoHUPA (2012); Khaire and Jha (2024) households (EWS and LIG) get priced out of the housing markets. Source: Khaire and Jha (2024) 18 Housing Need and Demand Housing Need Housing Demand Refers to inadequacy of existing provisions when An economic concept related to household’s compared with socially acceptable norms income and ability to pay § Present housing need = Dilapidated houses + § Demand estimation requires careful analysis of Homeless Households affordability criteria. § Future housing need = Present housing need + § Capital Variables and Occupational Variables Estimated houses required in future are analyzed to determine the demand. § Need and demand are affected by factors such as housing shortage and rate of obsolescence. § Demand is additionally affected by affordability and future housing needs. 19 Factors influencing housing demand and supply Affordability Factors affecting Real Estate supply in India Demand Supply Price FDI & GDP High Demand for Real Estate in India Economic Growth ▲ unchanged ▲ Interest Rate Loan Interest Rates ▼ unchanged ▼ Population Growth Unavailability of affordable land Property Tax unchanged ▲ ▼ Consumer Confidence Laws & Regulations unchanged ▼ ▲ Laws & Regulations 20  Social/Public housing and (welfare) State Housing as a social right? Social Housing is housing that is provided and managed by the State, or non-profit entities (associations or community). It is decent in size, rental arrangements, eligibility criteria, tenant profile, etc. Welfare State is a governance where a national government plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the socio-economic well-being of its citizens. The fundamentals are based on equality in opportunities, wealth distribution, and public responsibility for the marginalized to provide minimal provisions for a good life. Four pillars of a welfare state: § Social Security: Economic support; e.g. Pensions/unemployment benefits; Capital investment- minimal. § Education: A service; e.g. salaries of professionals; Capital investment- modest. § Healthcare: Similar to education; e.g. salary of professionals & facilitites; Capital investment- high. § Housing: Rarely seen as universal provision; e.g. housing benefits; Capital investment- very high. 21 The role of state in welfare: Social-democratic welfare states Christian-democratic welfare states - universalism (access to benefits is based on - dominance of social insurance instead of taxes, citizenship) modera+te redistribution of income - high degree of autonomy, limiting reliance on - essentially somewhere between the former and the family and market latter - high taxes, high degree of income redistribution e.g. Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, Italy e.g. Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden Liberal regime Mediterranean states - market dominance and private provision, low - based on family network support level of total state spending - more akin to the developing world - the state interferes to ameliorate poverty and e.g. Cyprus, Israel, Malta, Portugal and Turkey provide for basic needs, means-tested. e.g. Australia, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, US 22 Housing markets The function of markets § A means of allocating scarce resources § Means of most efficiently matching wants and needs at the lowest price § Allow individual customers to make choices. In a perfect housing market: Why is the price an important mechanism? 1. A number of traders compete against each § Prices provide the organizing mechanism within other markets 2. Customers can come to informed decisions on § If it were not prices that controlled access to price and quantity scarce dwellings it would have to be something 3. Customers capable of making comparisons else e.g. bureaucracy, political favoritism or between each trader random chance (see Deng et al, 2016) 4. Each trader is capable of seeing what competitors are offering 23  Government and housing markets What does the government do? Plans action | Legislates | Regulates | Funds Actions only government can do: § Controlling rents § Subsidizing owner-occupation § Control and direct the economy – interest rates and spending priorities § Take advantage of economies of scale § Over-ride markets § Universality in provision – e.g. National Healthcare Services in the UK. § Uniformity of provision – e.g. Stamps § Target provision at under-represented groups/areas 24 Influencing and controlling markets Object/supply-side housing subsidies Subject/demand side housing subsidies § To encourage the supply of housing § To increase the demand for existing stock § E.g. subsidy given to housing providers – often § e.g. tax relief to owner occupiers and housing used to control what gets built e.g. subsidy allowances to social renters. might be greater for a particular type of building (this was the case with 1960s flats) § In the developed world there has been a shift over 4 decades towards demand side/subject § Was generally the approach in the developing subsidies. world pre-1960 § Has generally been the approach in the developing world post-1960 25 Why markets fail? § Externalities (anti-social behavior, rent regulations, etc.) § Longevity of housing stock (aging, devaluation, not thinking of future generations, etc.) § Long-term finance/borrowing (uncertainty in income, interest rates, change in valuation, etc.) § Equity and political issues (no guarantee of housing in the market, inherited property, etc.) § Inelasticity of supply (production takes a long time, inelasticity results in a price hike) 26 Questions? THANK YOU 27  UNIT-II Housing Lecture – 2 of 2 ARC-4103: Settlement Studies DISCLAIMER: This presentation is prepared for educational purpose only and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of the content. All copyrighted materials (including the drawings, sketches, images, texts and other contents) in this presentation belong to the respective copyright owners, and have been used in this presentation for educational purpose only. No part of this presentation should be shared, used, or circulated without the prior permission of the author(s). Prepared by Babar Javed 2024 Assistant Professor- Senior Scale 1 From the past, about the future “…The tenants of the building streamed up and down the stairs all day long, squeezing past each other, avoiding eyes and touching only elbows…” “...Housing was the first to go when the population boom hit, and no one did anything about it until it was too late…." ― Make Room! Make Room! Author ― Harry Harrison Year ― 1966 Plot Summary: Harry Harrison explores the consequences of both unchecked population growth on society and the hoarding of resources by a wealthy minority. The plot follows Andy Rusch, a police officer, as he investigates the murder of a wealthy man named "Big Mike" O'Brien. Through this investigation, the novel explores themes of overpopulation, environmental degradation, and the socioeconomic disparities that arise from these crises. 2  Contents ▪ Housing Shortage ▪ Development Control Regulations (DCR) ▪ Building Codes/ Building Byelaws ▪ Zoning Regulations ▪ Land Acquisition Acts ▪ Town and Country Planning Acts ▪ Periphery Control Acts ▪ Slum Clearance Acts ▪ Housing Policies ▪ Timeline of key policies ▪ National Housing Policy (NHP), 1988 (adopted in 1994) ▪ National Housing Policy (NHP), 1998 ▪ National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2005 ▪ National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2007 ▪ Key examples of Housing Projects and Visions 3  Housing Shortage ▪ National urban housing shortage was estimated to be 18.78 million units in 2012 (MoHUA TG-12 Report) ▪ About 96% of India’s housing shortage is in the EWS (56%) and LIG (40%) categories. (MoHUA TG-12 Report) ▪ It is estimated that there were between 26-37 million households living in informal housing such as slums and unauthorized housing ( 2016 FSG Report) ▪ The housing shortage has risen 54% to 29 million in 2018 from 18.78 million in 2012 (ICRIER, 2020) ▪ The shortage has been almost exclusively confined to EWS and LIG households in 2018 (ICRIER, 2020) ▪ Congestion/ overcrowding is identified as the key challenge. 4 Housing Shortage Estimated number of inadequately housed households in urban areas, 2018 (ICRIER, 2020) Urban housing shortage - 2007 to 2018 (ICRIER, 2020) 5  Housing Shortage “According to MoHUPA’s 2012 report, the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and the Lower Income Groups (LIG) face 95 per cent of the housing shortage.” “Neither the government nor the market has been able to provide formal, affordable housing to counter the growing demand, resulting in the proliferation of slums.” Source: https://www.livemint.com/industry/redefining-strategies-for-indias- affordable-housing-challenges-11706944997430.html “…in three years up to 2016, a total of 4,07,485 houses were completed jointly under Jawaharlal Nehru Source: https://questionofcities. Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and Rajiv Awas org/indias-urban- Yojana (RAY). At this rate, it would take 138 years to housing-crisis-chasing- the-affordable-dream/ build 18.78 million housing units.” Source: https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/8/30/photos-the-housing- crisis-for-the-poor-in-indias-capital (30 Aug 2023) 6 Housing Shortage 7 Housing in the Union Budget 2024-25 8  Development Control Regulations (DCR) ▪ DCR is the mechanism through which the entire process of urban development is regulated to achieve the objective of promoting the overall benefit of society and creating a distinct image of the city. ▪ It includes guiding the development and use of land, curbing misuse of land, and promoting rational and orderly development of the built environment. ▪ Development controls have implications on the growth and development, character, fabric, and personality of a city. ▪ It is made considering the larger public interest and general welfare of the community to satisfy the basic requirements of health, safety, convenience, economy, and amenity. 9  Objectives & Forms of DCR Objectives: Building Codes/ Bye- laws i. To stop the unfavorable demand and misuse of land. Development Control Regulations Zoning Regulations ii. To assist private interest along with public interest in all phases of development. Land Acquisition Acts iii. Development control is legal in nature and the planning authority has the power to punish the defaulters. Town and Country Planning Acts iv. To control and limit overcrowding on land. Periphery Control Acts v. To control the private development as per the required rules in connection to public safety, health, and convenience. Slum Clearance Acts 10  A. Building Codes/ Building Bye-laws Housing standards (NBC, 2016) Habitable Room NBC, 2016 Bathroom or WC NBC, 2016 Height 2.75 m Height 2.1 m Size Min. 9.5 sqm with min width of 2.4 m Bathroom Area 1.8 sqm with min. width of 1.2 m The carpet area of a multipurpose single room shall be 12.5 sqm. WC Area 1.1 sqm with a min. width of 0.9 m Kitchen NBC, 2016 Bath & WC Height 2.75 m 2.8 sqm with a min. width of 1.2 m combined 5 sqm with min. width of 1.8 m (separate dining). If there is separate store, then Other NBC, 2016 Size area can be reduced to 4.5 sqm Parapet wall Min- 1.0 m | Max.- 1.2 m 7.5 sqm with a min. width of 2.1 m (included dining) Highrise Building Height above 15 m and above 11  A. Building Codes/ Building Bye-laws Housing standards (NBC, 2016) 12  A. Building Codes/ Building Bye-laws What are Building Bye-laws? ▪ Building Bye-Laws are legal tools used to regulate coverage, height, building bulk, and architectural design and construction aspects of buildings so as to achieve orderly development of an area. ▪ They are mandatory in nature and serve to protect buildings against fire, earthquakes, noise, structural failures, and other hazards. ▪ Without any regulatory mechanism, towns are confronted with excessive coverage, encroachment, and haphazard development resulting in chaotic conditions, inconvenience for the users, and disregard for building aesthetics, etc. ▪ TCPO has made an effort to prepare “Model Building Bye-Laws- 2016” for the guidance of the State Governments, Urban Local Bodies, Urban Development Authorities, etc. 13  A. Building Codes/ Building Bye-laws Building Bye-laws: Jurisdiction ▪ Jurisdiction applicable to the building activity in the State/Urban Center/Town for which they are framed. ▪ It is desirable that the jurisdiction of building bye-laws includes all contiguous urban settlements in an urban agglomeration. Building Bye-laws: Applicability ▪ Applicable to all building activities. ▪ Read in conjunction with the master plan/development plan/regional plan/any other statutory plan in force, any notifications, and their amendments. ▪ Applicable for a period of FIVE years after which they shall be reviewed. ▪ Till the reviewed building byelaws are notified, existing building byelaws will continue to be in force. 14  A. Building Codes/ Building Bye-laws Building Bye- laws: Typical Contents 15  A. Building Codes/ Building Bye-laws Building Bye- laws: Typical Contents 16  A. Building Codes/ Building Bye-laws Building Bye- laws: Typical Contents 17  B. Zoning Regulations ▪ Zoning regulations are guidelines established by urban planning authorities to control land use and development within specific areas of a city or region. ▪ It aims to promote organized growth, prevent incompatible land uses, and ensure sustainable urban development. ▪ The purpose of zoning is also to allow authorities to regulate and control land and property markets to ensure complementary uses. ▪ Zoning can also provide the opportunity to stimulate or slow down development in specific areas. ▪ Common controls are in the form of: ▪ Setback Requirements ▪ Building Height Restrictions ▪ Floor Area Ratio (FAR) ▪ Ground Coverage ▪ Parking Requirements ▪ Land Use Intensity ▪ Environmental Considerations 18  C. Land Acquisition Acts ▪ Land acquisition is the power of the union or a state government in India to acquire private land for the purpose of industrialization, development of infrastructural facilities, or urbanization of the private land and to compensate the affected landowners for their rehabilitation and resettlement. ▪ Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (commonly known as the Land Acquisition Act, 2013 or LARR Act, 2013); by repealing the Land Acquisition Act of 1894. Expert Compensation Preliminary Group Calculation Notification Review and Award Social Impact Draft Payment Assessment Declaration and (SIA) Possession Process of Land Acquisition under LARR, 2013 19  C. Land Acquisition Acts ▪ Key features of LARR, 2013 include: ▪ Fair Compensation: 4x market value in rural areas, and 2x market value in urban areas. ▪ Transparency: requiring public hearings and the publication of details of proposed acquisition. ▪ Social Impact Assessment (SIA): assess the impact on the local population and the environment. ▪ Consent: 80% of landowners in case of private projects, and 70% in case of public-private partnership (PPP) projects. ▪ Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R): comprehensive R&R package for affected families, in a better living condition than before. ▪ Public Purpose: including infrastructure projects, urbanization, industrialization, and for government purposes. ▪ Return of Unutilized Land: if unutilized for five years, it must be returned to the original owners or their heirs. ▪ Grievance Redressal Mechanism: establishment of a Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Authority to address grievances and disputes. 20  D. Town and Country Planning Acts ▪ The Town and Country Planning Acts in India play a crucial role in guiding the development of urban and rural areas, ensuring orderly growth, and promoting sustainable development. ▪ Provides a framework for land use planning and development to create well-planned, livable, and sustainable communities. ▪ A Town and Country Planning Act: ▪ states the policies and general proposals for the development and other use of land in its area ▪ takes account of the policies at the national and regional level ▪ affects the physical and environmental planning of its area ▪ provides the framework for local plans ▪ Varies from state to state: ▪ Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 ▪ Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 ▪ Uttar Pradesh Urban Planning and Development Act, 1973 ▪ West Bengal Town and Country (Planning & Development) Act, 1979 21  E. Periphery Control Acts ▪ Periphery control acts in India are legislative measures enacted to regulate and manage development in the peripheral areas around major cities to: ▪ Ensure planned and orderly growth ▪ Prevent haphazard development. ▪ Few notable example of the periphery control act is: ▪ Punjab New Capital (Periphery) Control Act, 1952 ▪ Delhi Development Authority (DDA) Act, 1957 ▪ Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) Act, 1976 ▪ In most cases, the periphery control is already included in the Town and Country Planning Acts. 22  F. Slum Clearance Acts ▪ Legislative measures aimed at addressing the issues of slums, including improving living conditions, providing better housing, and facilitating the redevelopment of slum areas. ▪ These acts focus on the clearance, rehabilitation, and redevelopment of slum areas to promote urban development and improve the quality of life for slum dwellers. ▪ Slum clearance, slum eviction, or slum removal is an urban renewal strategy used to transform low-income settlements with poor reputations into another type of development or housing. ▪ Notable slum clearance legislations include: ▪ The Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956 ▪ The Maharashtra Slum Areas (Improvement, Clearance, and Redevelopment) Act, 1971 ▪ Karnataka Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1973 ▪ West Bengal Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1972 23  Housing Policies ▪ The housing condition is a complex interplay of economic and social dynamics. ▪ With regard to housing, policymakers have also faced dilemmas such as: ▪ Whether housing is a productive or non-productive sector of the economy, and ▪ Whether housing is a public or private good. ▪ The following play an important role in shaping public policies in India: ▪ Economic ideologies and priorities ▪ Political ideologies and priorities ▪ Demographic trends 24  Housing Policies in India since independence - Providing housing - Providing housing - Providing - Provisions for all sections of with focus on EWS physical provisions through PPP the society. through policies - Govt. acts as a - Govt. as a -Govt. acts as a provider - Govt. acts as a hardcore (1970s to mid 1980s) Phase 1 (1950s to 1970s) Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 (Last 15 years) (Mid 1980s to early 2000s provider facilitator facilitator 25 Timeline of Housing policies and bodies Source: Khaire and Jha (2022) 26 Timeline of Housing policies and bodies Source: Khaire and Jha (2022) 27 Timeline of Housing policies and bodies Source: Khaire and Jha (2022) 28 Timeline of Housing policies and bodies Source: Khaire and Jha (2022) 29 Timeline of Housing policies and bodies Source: Khaire and Jha (2022) 30 Timeline of Housing policies and bodies Source: Khaire and Jha (2022) 31 Timeline of Housing policies and bodies Source: Khaire and Jha (2022) 32  Key Housing Policies in India since independence Housing policies in India since Independence: ▪ National Housing Policy (NHP), 1988 (adopted in 1994) ▪ National Housing Policy (NHP), 1998 ▪ National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2005 ▪ National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2007 33  National Housing Policy (NHP), 1988 (adopted in 1994) Objectives: ▪ To motivate the houseless and inadequately housed to secure affordable shelters through access to land, materials, technology, and finance. ▪ To encourage investment in housing to achieve sustained growth of the nation's housing stock, and its proper conservation, renovation, and upgradation. ▪ To create an enabling environment by eliminating constraints and developing efficient & accessible systems for the delivery of inputs to maximize housing. ▪ To improve human settlements with a view to raising the quality of life through the provision of drinking water, sanitation, and other basic services. 34  National Housing Policy, 1998 Objectives: ▪ Creation of surpluses in housing stock either on a rental or ownership basis. ▪ Providing quality and cost-effective shelter options, especially to vulnerable groups and the poor. ▪ Ensuring that housing, along with supporting services, is treated as a priority and at par with the infrastructure sector. ▪ Removing legal, financial, and administrative barriers to facilitating access to land, finance, and technology. ▪ Forging strong partnerships between private, public, and cooperative sectors to enhance capacity. ▪ Using technology for modernizing the housing sector to increase efficiency, productivity, energy efficiency, and quality. 35  National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2005 Objectives: ▪ Emphasizes in-situ urbanization to reduce the pace of rural-to-urban migration, so focus on supply of land, infrastructure, and employment opportunities in rural areas. ▪ Guiding urban and rural settlement so that planned and balanced growth is achieved with the help of innovative methods such as the Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA), leading to in-situ urbanization. ▪ More emphasis on the development of small and medium size urban centers. ▪ Progressive shift to a demand-driven approach and from a subsidy-based housing scheme to a cost recovery- cum- subsidy scheme. ▪ Establishing a Management Information System (MIS) in housing sector to strengthen monitoring of building activity in country. 36  National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2007 ▪ Promotes various types of public-private partnerships (PPP) for realizing the goal of ‘Affordable Housing for All’, with emphasis on urban poor. ▪ Promotes sustainable development of habitat in the country with a view to ensuring equitable supply of land, shelter, and services at affordable prices to all sections of society. Salient Features of the NUHHP, 2007: ▪ Focus on affordable urban housing with special emphasis on the urban poor. ▪ Encouraging integrated townships and SEZ. ▪ 10-15% of land in every new public/private housing project, or 20-25% FAR, whichever is greater, to be reserved for EWS/LIG Housing. ▪ The private sector is allowed to do land reassembly within the purview of Master Plans. Action plans for urban slum dwellers and special packages for cooperative housing, labor housing, and employee housing are to be prepared. ▪ States to be advised to develop 10 10-year perspective plans for housing of EWS/LIG. ▪ Policy gives primacy to the provision of shelter to urban poor at their present location or near their workplace. 37  National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy, 2007 Salient Features of the NUHHP, 2007: (continued) ▪ The approach will be in-situ slum rehabilitation. Relocation will be considered only in specific cases. ▪ Micro finance institutions to be promoted at state level to expedite flow of finance to urban poor. ▪ Model municipal laws to be prepared by the Central Government. ▪ Detailed city maps to be prepared based on GIS, aerial survey, and ground verification. ▪ Use of proven cost-effective technology and building materials to be encouraged. ▪ Development of mass rapid transit systems at the sub-regional level envisaged. ▪ Green cover for cities to be encouraged for balanced ecological development. ▪ All States to be encouraged to develop a "Habitat Infrastructure Action Plan" for all cities with a population of over one lakh. ▪ Preparation of 15-20 years perspective plans in the form of City Development Plans (CDPs) based on spatial planning at the city level. 38  Housing Policies in India since independence Housing Policy Aim Approach Target group Organization Programme National Housing Sought to increase Subsidy based by linking Rural poor Government IAY Policy, 1988 supply of lands + basic employment scheme with (provider, services rural housing scheme. facilitator) National Housing Surplus in housing stock Subsidy and credit shelter Vulnerable PPP, 2 Million Policy, 1998 (rental/ownership fund, fiscal economic policy groups/poor Cooperative housing basis) to enhance fund flow and sectors, NGOs programme material National Urban In-situ urbanization Demand driven Disabled PPP, NGOs, VAMBAY, Housing and balanced growth women, poor community NSDP, SJSRY, Habitat Policy, JNNURM 2005 National Urban Affordable urban Interest subsidy driven Urban poor PPP, NGOs, JNNURM, Housing and housing community BSUP, IHSDP, Habitat Policy, RAY, PMAY 2007 39  Other key policies or schemes: The other key policies or schemes are: ▪ Model State Affordable Housing Policy for Urban Areas, 2015 ▪ The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 ▪ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)/ Housing for All by 2022 ▪ PMAY-U (Urban) ▪ PMAY-G (Rural) 40  Key examples of Housing Projects and Visions ▪ 1925 - Plan Voisin for a modernisation of Paris | Le Corbusier ▪ 1958 - Unité d'Habitation (UH) in Berlin-Charlottenburg | Le Corbusier ▪ 1967 – Habitat 67, Montreal | Moshe Safdie ▪ 1972 – The Nakagin Capsule Tower, Tokyo | Kisho Kurokawa ▪ 1983 – Incremental Housing, Belapur, Navi Mumbai | Charles Correa ▪ 1989 - Aranya Low-Cost Housing, Indore | BV Doshi ▪ 2004 - Quinta Monroy Housing Project, Chile | Alejandro Aravena ▪ 2008 - Design Indaba 10x10 Low-Cost Housing Project, Cape Town 41  1925 - Plan Voisin for a modernisation of Paris | Le Corbusier ▪ Redevelopment of central Paris. ▪ Utopian concept to house 3 million inhabitants. ▪ Features: ▪ High-Density Housing ▪ Open Green Spaces ▪ Efficient Transportation ▪ Zoning and Functional Segregation ▪ Modern Architectural Style ▪ Medieval buildings and 19th century buildings would be erased and replaced by a vertical city of glass skyscrapers. 42  1958 - Unité d'Habitation (UH) in Berlin-Charlottenburg | Le Corbusier ▪ A variation of the concept of a Radiant City or Housing Unit ▪ The same idea was used in four more buildings with this name and a very similar design. ▪ Features: ▪ High-rise residential structure, "brutalist" style ▪ Modular Apartments, 23 different types, 2000 residents ▪ Communal Facilities, shops, a nursery, and a hotel ▪ Elevated Building, a separation between pedestrian and vehicular traffic ▪ Color Scheme, a vibrant color palette ▪ Innovative Planning, "vertical garden city" smaller footprint ▪ Pioneering ideas in housing design, focusing on creating self-sufficient communities within high-density urban environments. 43  1967 – Habitat 67, Montreal | Moshe Safdie ▪ At its time, notable for its innovative design and its impact on modern architecture and urban living. ▪ Features: ▪ Modular Architecture, composed of 354 identical prefabricated concrete modules, makes 146 ▪ Each apartment has access to a private terrace ▪ Stacked Configuration, irregular & interlocking ▪ Efficient use of space within each unit due to modulation ▪ Was conceived as a prototype for high-density urban housing. ▪ Promotes a sense of community through its interconnected units and shared spaces. ▪ Affordable Housing was the vision, but the units ultimately became more expensive due to the complex construction. ▪ Inspiration for prefabrication, interconnectedness, and urban living for many other projects. ▪ Complex construction and high-quality materials made it expensive, and maintenance remains a challenge due to prefabricated interlocked structure. 44  1972 – The Nakagin Capsule Tower, Tokyo | Kisho Kurokawa ▪ Mixed-use Residential and Office Building, was the first example of capsule architecture. ▪ Two interconnected towers having 140 modules. ▪ Features: ▪ Modular Architecture, 2.5 m X 4.0 m modules serving as a living or working place ▪ Interchangeable capsules ▪ Compact living spaces ▪ Prefabrication used to save time & cost ▪ Dynamism and adaptability were focused in design ▪ Efficient & compact housing for rapidly growing Tokyo ▪ Demolished in 2022 due to structural deterioration, maintenance challenges, and financial considerations. ▪ Its innovation, cultural significance, and modular adaptable design influenced the architecture of future. 45  1983 – Incremental Housing, Belapur, Navi Mumbai | Charles Correa ▪ A pioneering low-cost housing project. ▪ Innovative approach to affordable housing and its focus on community development. ▪ Features: ▪ Incremental Growth ▪ Modular Design ▪ Community Layout ▪ Use of Local Materials ▪ Affordability, Self-Sufficiency, and Community Development were the core vision areas. ▪ Widely recognized for its architectural and social contributions. ▪ Maintenance & upkeep remain challenges for poor households. ▪ Increment as per original design needs guidance. 46  1989 - Aranya Low-Cost Housing, Indore | BV Doshi ▪ Low-cost housing project accommodating a range of incomes ▪ Special consideration to social context ▪ Features: ▪ Incremental Design Philosophy ▪ Variety of Housing Types ▪ Affordable and adaptable ▪ Use of Local Materials ▪ Essential infrastructure such as roads, water supply, sewage systems, and electricity. ▪ Community facilities like schools, health centers, markets, and parks are integrated ▪ Community Participation ▪ Won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1995. ▪ Model for future projects- national & international. 47  2004 - Quinta Monroy Housing Project, Chile | Alejandro Aravena ▪ Notable for its unique approach to affordable housing and its impact on social housing design ▪ Features: ▪ Incremental Housing ▪ Half-House Concept ▪ Modular and Flexible Design ▪ Community Layout ▪ Affordability and Dignity, Empowerment and Participation, and Sustainability and Innovation were core focus areas. ▪ It is known for its architectural innovation, social impact, and global influence and has won several awards. ▪ The project was cited as one of the most influential projects of Aljandro Aravena leading him to the Pritzker Architecture Prize (2016). 48  2008 - Design Indaba 10x10 Low-Cost Housing Project, Cape Town ▪ Collaboration between 10 local architects and 10 international architects, each paired to design a unique low-cost housing solution. ▪ Vision: ▪ Collaboration ▪ Affordability and Dignity for low-income households ▪ Sustainable design & construction practices ▪ Versatility through diversity in designs ▪ Incremental growth ▪ Foster a sense of community ▪ It is known for its architectural innovation, social impact, and global influence. ▪ Scaling the project for a large population and implementing the design correctly remain challenges. 49 Questions? THANK YOU 50  UNIT-IV Land & Housing Economics Lecture – 1 of 3 ARC-4103: Settlement Studies DISCLAIMER: This presentation is prepared for educational purpose only and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of the content. All copyrighted materials (including the drawings, sketches, images, texts and other contents) in this presentation belong to the respective copyright owners, and have been used in this presentation for educational purpose only. No part of this presentation should be shared, used, or circulated without the prior permission of the author(s). Prepared by Babar Javed 2024 Assistant Professor- Senior Scale 1 Economics “The first lesson of economics is scarcity: there is never enough of anything to satisfy all those who want it. The first lesson of politics is to disregard the first lesson of economics.” Thomas Sowell, US Economist “We need to fight inequality and poverty – and not in 15 years, but now.” Isabel Cecilia Saint Malo De Alvarado, Vice President of Panama (2014-2019) “A captious economist planned to live without access to land. He nearly su