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The proximal three compartments in ruminants are non-glandular and are collectively referred to as the proventriculus.
The proximal three compartments in ruminants are non-glandular and are collectively referred to as the proventriculus.
False
The distal compartment in ruminants, the abomasum, is a non-glandular portion.
The distal compartment in ruminants, the abomasum, is a non-glandular portion.
False
The J-shaped curved sac of the simple stomach in horses is composed of the greater curvature and the lesser curvature.
The J-shaped curved sac of the simple stomach in horses is composed of the greater curvature and the lesser curvature.
True
The cardia of the stomach consists of the pyloric opening.
The cardia of the stomach consists of the pyloric opening.
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The greater curvature of the horse's stomach is the attachment site of the lesser omentum.
The greater curvature of the horse's stomach is the attachment site of the lesser omentum.
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The fundus is the largest part of the stomach.
The fundus is the largest part of the stomach.
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The pylorus is the distal opening of the stomach.
The pylorus is the distal opening of the stomach.
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The forestomach in ruminants is homologous to the pylorus in non-ruminants.
The forestomach in ruminants is homologous to the pylorus in non-ruminants.
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Dogs have a C-shaped stomach with a wide cardia.
Dogs have a C-shaped stomach with a wide cardia.
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The stomach in cats has a narrower lumen compared to dogs.
The stomach in cats has a narrower lumen compared to dogs.
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Horses have a large stomach capacity ranging between 5-15 liters.
Horses have a large stomach capacity ranging between 5-15 liters.
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The cardiac sphincter is primarily responsible for the inability to vomit.
The cardiac sphincter is primarily responsible for the inability to vomit.
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The forestomach in ruminants is composed of three chambers.
The forestomach in ruminants is composed of three chambers.
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The omasum is responsible for enzymatic destruction of carbohydrates.
The omasum is responsible for enzymatic destruction of carbohydrates.
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The abomasum is comparable to the simple stomach of a horse.
The abomasum is comparable to the simple stomach of a horse.
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The rumen lies on the right side of the abdominal cavity.
The rumen lies on the right side of the abdominal cavity.
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Study Notes
Ruminant Stomach
- The proximal three compartments (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) are non-glandular and collectively referred to as the forestomach or proventriculus.
- The distal compartment (abomasum) is glandular and similar to the simple stomach of other species, hence called the true stomach.
Simple Stomach
- The simple stomach is a J-shaped curved sac composed of:
- Greater curvature: the long convex surface extending from the cardia to the pylorus, where the greater omentum attaches.
- Lesser curvature: the short concave surface extending from the cardia to the pylorus, where the caudal edge of the lesser omentum attaches.
- Cardia: the fixed part of the stomach consisting of the cardiac opening (between the esophagus and stomach) with circular smooth muscle fibers.
- Fundus: a blind, expanded portion on the left side adjacent to the cardia, homologous to the forestomach in ruminants.
- Body: the largest part of the stomach extending from the cardia to the pylorus.
- Pylorus: the distal opening of the stomach surrounded by a strong band of circular smooth muscle fibers (pyloric sphincter), through which stomach contents are emptied into the duodenum.
Gastric Glands
- The stomach can be divided into three regions based on specific distribution of gastric glands:
- Region of cardiac glands: secretes mucus for protection.
- Region of fundic (gastric) glands:
- Neck cells produce mucus.
- Chief cells produce pepsinogen.
- Parietal cells produce chloride and hydrogen.
- Region of pyloric glands.
Species Differences
- Dog:
- The stomach is C-shaped.
- The cardia is wide, which may be related to the ease of vomiting.
- Gastric volvulus is relatively common, especially in large breeds.
- Cat:
- The stomach is C-shaped but has a narrower lumen than the dog.
- The angular notch is deep, making it difficult during endoscopy.
- Horse:
- The stomach is small, with a capacity of 5-15 L.
- A blind sac (saccus caecus) is lined by non-glandular mucosa, homologous to the forestomach of ruminants.
- Some horses have non-glandular regions marked by scars from larvae of gastrophilus.
- The cardiac sphincter is well-developed, which, along with the oblique entrance of the esophagus, is thought to be responsible for the reputed inability to vomit.
Compound Stomach
- The stomach of domestic ruminants is composed of four chambers:
- Rumen
- Reticulum
- Omasum
- Abomasum
- Rumen, Reticulum, and Omasum are referred to as the forestomach (proventriculus) with non-glandular mucosa, responsible for enzymatic destruction of carbohydrates with the help of microbes.
- The last chamber, the abomasum, has a glandular mucosa and is comparable to the simple stomach of horses and dogs.
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Description
Learn about the anatomy of ruminants and horses' stomachs, including the different compartments and their functions. Explore the unique characteristics of the forestomach and true stomach in these animals.
