Animal Anatomy: Kidneys of Ruminants and Horses
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Questions and Answers

What is the weight range of each kidney in a dog?

  • 630-730 gm
  • 30-50 gm
  • 600-700 gm
  • 90-150 gm (correct)

Which statement is true regarding the renal pelvis in large ruminants?

  • It has a well-developed renal pelvis.
  • It contains multiple minor calyces.
  • The renal pelvis is absent. (correct)
  • The renal pelvis forms a major calyx.

How does the shape of the left kidney in large ruminants differ from the right kidney?

  • Both kidneys are oval in shape.
  • The left kidney is oval, while the right is pyramidal.
  • Both kidneys are pyramidal in shape.
  • The left kidney is pyramidal and the right is oval. (correct)

Where does the right kidney in large ruminants typically lie?

<p>Under the last rib to the 3rd lumbar vertebra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the left kidney in large ruminants related to its position?

<p>It hangs freely in the abdominal cavity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main endocrine functions of the kidney?

<p>Produces erythropoietin to enhance erythropoiesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the position of the kidneys is true?

<p>The right kidney lies cranial to the left kidney in all species except pigs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which shape is characteristic of the right kidney in horses?

<p>Heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the renal hilus?

<p>To serve as an indent for entry and exit of vessels and nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of surface does the dorsal side of the kidney relate to?

<p>Last rib and diaphragm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone produced by the kidneys contributes to blood pressure regulation?

<p>Renin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?

<p>Detoxification of heavy metals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the fibrous capsule surrounding the kidney?

<p>To restrict the ability of the kidney to expand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal typically has a well-developed fat capsule surrounding the kidney?

<p>Ruminants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes the right kidney of a horse from other species?

<p>It is heart-shaped. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the fat capsule vary among different species?

<p>It is well developed in ruminants and pig. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary relationship of the cranial pole of the kidney in animals, excluding pigs?

<p>It is attached to the right lobe of the liver. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of kidney shape is typically found in dogs and cats?

<p>Bean shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the color and appearance of the renal cortex?

<p>Reddish-brown with a granular appearance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of kidney anatomy, which surface is related to the caudal vena cava and abdominal aorta?

<p>Medial surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the pig's kidney distinguishes it from the kidneys of other mammals?

<p>It has a flattened shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by the converging renal pyramids?

<p>Renal papilla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kidney classification features renal lobes that are fused externally?

<p>Smooth kidney (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional unit of the kidney?

<p>Nephron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of kidney has renal papillae that open separately into the renal pelvis?

<p>Multipapillary kidney (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure primarily collects filtrate from multiple nephrons?

<p>Papillary duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is composed of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus?

<p>Renal corpuscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What composes the darker outer zone of the renal medulla?

<p>Medullary pyramids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of medullary rays in the kidney's anatomy?

<p>They extend into the cortex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorption and secretion?

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the renal column?

<p>The cortical substance between renal pyramids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary shape characteristic of the kidney in dogs?

<p>Irregular bean shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is less developed in the dog's kidney compared to that of the pig?

<p>Capsular veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the position of the right kidney differ between dogs and pigs?

<p>Under the liver in pigs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the kidney in small ruminants shares similarities with the dog’s kidney?

<p>Shape and classification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical classification of the pig's kidney?

<p>Smooth, multilobar, multipapillary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for carrying blood toward the glomerulus?

<p>Afferent arteriole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of anatomical description, how is the renal cortex of the pig's kidney generally characterized?

<p>Twice the size of the medulla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the medullary rays and pyramids in the pig's kidney?

<p>They are clear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the kidney positions is true for small ruminants?

<p>R.kidney is under the first three lumbar vertebrae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vein follows the interlobular artery in the kidney structure?

<p>Interlobar vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kidneys

Organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, regulating fluid and salt balance, and producing hormones like renin, bradykinin, and erythropoietin.

Renal Hilus

The indentation on the medial border of each kidney where arteries, nerves enter, and veins, ureter, and lymphatic vessels leave.

Renal Sinus

The dilated part in the center of the kidney, connected to the renal hilus, containing the renal pelvis.

Renal Pelvis

The funnel-shaped structure within the renal sinus that collects urine from the kidney's collecting ducts.

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Kidney Consistency and Shape

The solid, reddish-brown, bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

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Kidney Location

The two kidneys are located in the sublumbar region, against the crura of the diaphragm and hypaxial muscles (psoas and iliacus).

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Kidney Relative Position

The right kidney lies more cranial than the left, except in pigs where both are at the same level.

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What connects the right kidney to the liver?

In all animals except pigs, the cranial pole of the right kidney is connected to the right lobe of the liver by a fibrous band called hepato-renal ligament

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What is the fat capsule around the kidney called?

The fat capsule surrounding the kidney, varying in thickness across species, provides cushioning and protection against pressure from neighboring organs.

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What is the fibrous capsule?

The fibrous capsule is a thin, connective tissue layer adhering directly to the kidney's surface, helping maintain its shape and limiting its expansion.

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What is the renal hilus?

The kidney's medial border, where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and exit.

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What is the renal cortex?

The reddish-brown outer layer of the kidney containing renal corpuscles responsible for blood filtration.

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What is the renal medulla?

The inner region of the kidney composed of renal pyramids, responsible for collecting and concentrating urine.

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What is the cranial pole of the kidney?

The cranial end of the kidney, often associated with the adrenal glands.

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What is the caudal pole of the kidney?

The caudal end of the kidney, often located near the pelvic region.

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What is the lateral surface of the kidney?

The lateral surface of the kidney, facing the abdominal wall.

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Medullary Outer Zone

The darker outer region of the renal medulla, from which medullary rays extend into the cortex.

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Medullary Inner Zone

The paler, grayish-red inner region of the renal medulla, striated towards the renal sinus.

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Renal Column

Portion of cortical substance extending between renal pyramids.

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Renal Lobe

A renal pyramid surrounded by renal columns and capped with cortical substance.

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Smooth Kidney

A kidney in which the renal lobes are fused externally.

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Fissured Kidney

A kidney in which the renal lobes are separated externally.

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Renal Lobule

Part of the cortex containing a medullary ray and surrounded by interlobular arteries.

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Renal Papilla

The tip of a renal pyramid, which may be united into a single renal crest or open separately into the renal pelvis.

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Unipapillary Kidney

A kidney in which the renal papillae are fused and open as a single renal crest into the renal pelvis.

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Multipapillary Kidney

A kidney in which the renal papillae open separately into the renal calices, which are cuplike expansions of the renal pelvis.

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Fissured, multilobar kidney

A type of kidney found in large ruminants, characterized by multiple lobes and a unique drainage system where minor calyces merge into major calyces before forming the ureter.

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Right kidney of large ruminants

The right kidney in large ruminants is oval-shaped, sits under the last rib to the 3rd lumbar vertebra, and weighs around 600-700 grams.

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Left kidney of large ruminants

The left kidney in large ruminants is pyramidal in shape, hangs freely in the abdominal cavity, and its weight ranges from 630-730 grams.

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Renal pelvis in large ruminants

The renal pelvis is absent in large ruminants. Instead, the papillae (18-22) open into minor calyces, which merge to form major calyces, eventually leading to the ureter.

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Fat capsule in large ruminants

In large ruminants, the kidney has a distinctive feature, a well-developed fat capsule surrounding it, providing cushioning and protection.

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Renal Cortex

The kidney's outer region, containing the renal corpuscles, responsible for filtering blood.

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Renal Medulla

The inner region of the kidney, made up of renal pyramids, responsible for collecting and concentrating urine.

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Fibrous Capsule

A thin connective tissue layer that directly adheres to the kidney's surface, maintaining its shape and limiting expansion.

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Capsula Adiposa

A layer of fat surrounding the kidney that provides cushioning and protection from pressure from neighboring organs.

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Cranial Pole of the Kidney

The cranial end of the kidney, often associated with the adrenal glands.

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Caudal Pole of the Kidney

The caudal end of the kidney, often located near the pelvic region.

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Lateral Surface of the Kidney

The lateral surface of the kidney, facing the abdominal wall.

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Study Notes

Urinary System Anatomy

  • Kidney Anatomy: Kidneys are located retroperitoneally in the sublumbar region
  • Kidney Structure: Showed detailed structure of a kidney
  • Kidney Positions: The right kidney is generally situated more cranially than the left kidney in most species, except for pigs
  • Kidney Colour and Consistency: Kidneys are firm and reddish-brown. Different shapes occur in species
  • Kidney Shapes: Different shapes include bean, flattened, heart, and oval shapes with varying degrees of fissures. Shapes depend on the animal and its species.
  • Kidney Covering: A fat capsule surrounds the kidney providing protection from pressures
  • Kidney Fixation: Adjacent structures like parietal peritoneum, sublumbar muscles as well as crura of diaphragm, and abdominal viscera
  • Kidney Blood Supply: The blood supply to the kidney begins in the abdominal aorta and continues
  • Kidney Parts: The renal hilus, cortex, medulla, renal pyramids, renal columns, renal pelvis, renal calices, and renal papilla
  • Uriniferous Tubules: The functional unit of a kidney
  • Nephron Parts: Contains the Renal corpuscle (Bowman's Capsule and glomerulus), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (parts - descending and ascending loop) distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting Tubules: In the kidney, a filtrate is received and passes through medulla to become a larger vessel called a papillary duct.
  • Renal Pelvis: The dilated proximal part of the ureter where the papillary ducts open
  • Kidney Classification: Smooth or Fissured; uni or multipapillary.
  • Urogenital Systems' Relationship: Urinary and genital systems share final portions of the ducts that release products outside the body.
  • Kidney Comparative Features: Comparisons based on various characteristics are shown for different animal species. (e.g., shapes and locations)
  • Kidney Ligaments: The hepatorenal, duodeno-renal, and renoplenic ligaments fix the kidney (the position is shown depending on the species)

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Kidney Anatomy PDF

Description

This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of kidneys in various animals, focusing on large ruminants and horses. Answer questions about kidney weight, shape, position, and endocrine functions. Ideal for veterinary students or animal anatomy enthusiasts.

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