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Questions and Answers

What is a primary disadvantage of semisolid dosage forms?

  • Bulky to handle (correct)
  • Easy to apply without contamination
  • High stability compared to solid dosage forms
  • Efficient drug release

Which property is NOT ideal for a semisolid dosage form?

  • Non-irritating
  • Non gritty
  • Greasy and staining (correct)
  • Smooth texture

What distinguishes an ointment from a cream?

  • Has less than 20% water (correct)
  • Contains no water
  • Is primarily water-based
  • Is opaque and viscous

Which of the following is NOT a physiological ideal property of semisolid dosage forms?

<p>Absorbent and hygroscopic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the texture of a cream?

<p>Opaque and viscous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue with the application of semisolid dosage forms?

<p>Potential contamination from fingers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typical for pastes as a semisolid dosage form?

<p>High concentration of insoluble powder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ideal feature of a semisolid dosage form regarding drug release?

<p>Efficient drug release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pastes when applied to the skin?

<p>To serve as a protective coating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates pastes from ointments?

<p>Pastes are less penetrating than ointments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of solids do pastes typically contain?

<p>20%–50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of paste is bassorin paste categorized as?

<p>A non-greasy paste (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a general use of ointments?

<p>To absorb noxious chemicals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of aqueous creams?

<p>They have an oil-in-water emulsion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are pastes typically prepared?

<p>By levigation with the base to form a paste-like mass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common application site for creams?

<p>Intravenous injection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the solids in pastes play when applied to the skin?

<p>They absorb and neutralize chemicals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do patients and physicians often prefer creams over ointments?

<p>Creams are easier to spread and remove. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following scenarios would a paste be preferable to an ointment?

<p>When a protective barrier is needed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cream is suitable for application on oozing wounds?

<p>Oil-in-water cream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are creams primarily composed of?

<p>Medicinal agents dissolved in emulsions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding oily creams?

<p>They consist of water-in-oil emulsions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to the affected area before applying a topical medication?

<p>Cleanse the area with soap and water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions could be treated with creams?

<p>Dermatitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should topical medication generally be applied to the skin?

<p>As a thin film and spread evenly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using an oil-in-water cream compared to other types?

<p>Pleasant feel and easy rinsability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action after applying topical medication to the affected area?

<p>Gently massage the area to ensure coverage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general advice should be followed regarding the use of topical medications?

<p>Do not occlude the affected area unless specified (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific information must be included on the labeling of certain pharmaceutical ointments and creams?

<p>The type of base used (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of adding a chemical antimicrobial preservative to topical products?

<p>To inhibit microbial growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common example of a topical preservative?

<p>Ethanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to avoid entrapping air when packing ointments into jars?

<p>Force the product down with a flexible spatula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage condition for ointments?

<p>In a cool place, protected from light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an advantage of packaging semisolid products in tubes?

<p>Allows for easy dispensing of the product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can changes in temperature potentially cause in ointments?

<p>Crystallization of the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are semisolid products typically bulk-filled into jars on an industrial scale?

<p>Using a pressure-filler (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of container should light-sensitive preparations be packaged in?

<p>Opaque or light-resistant containers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a levigating agent in the preparation of ointments?

<p>To facilitate the mixing of insoluble powders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is primarily used for preparing o/w (oil in water) creams?

<p>Fusion method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to melt the fatty bases in order of their melting points when preparing ointments?

<p>To avoid overheating and preserve ingredient integrity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should liquids be added during the preparation of an ointment to prevent air pockets?

<p>By creating a well in the center of the mixture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ingredients has the highest melting point?

<p>Beeswax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for adding powdered medicaments after the base has congealed?

<p>To prevent degradation of active ingredients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of semisolids are more susceptible to microbial growth?

<p>Water-containing semisolids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is recommended when using small quantities for mixing ointments?

<p>Rubbing on a glass slab (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Systemic drug administration

Drug administration method that allows the drug to enter the bloodstream and travel throughout the body.

Bolus method

drug administration method where the drug is given in a single dose

Patient compliance

The degree to which a patient follows medical advice and treatment plans.

Semi-solid dosage form

Medication in a form that's thick and spreadable, like cream or ointment.

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Ideal properties of semi-solid dosage forms

Characteristics like smooth texture, non-irritating, easy application, and efficient drug release.

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Creams

Semi-solid dosage forms with high water content, typically more than 20%.

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Ointments

Semi-solid dosage forms with lower water content than creams, largely made up of hydrocarbons and waxes (less than 50%).

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Pastes

Semi-solid dosage forms with a high concentration of insoluble powders.

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Creams

Semisolid preparations that contain one or more medicinal agents dissolved in either an oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, or another type of water-washable base.

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Aqueous Cream

An oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) topical preparation.

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Oily Cream

A water-in-oil emulsion (W/O) topical preparation.

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Topical Application

Application directly to the skin, eyes, nasal passages, or body cavities such as the vagina or rectum.

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O/W Emulsion

An emulsion where oil droplets are dispersed in water.

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W/O emulsion

An emulsion where water droplets are dispersed in oil.

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Drug Delivery System

A method of administering medication, often through creams, pastes or ointments.

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Common Cream Uses

Primary applications include topical skin issues, rectal, and vaginal treatment.

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Paste Definition

A semisolid preparation with a stiff consistency, containing a high percentage (20-50%) of finely dispersed solids, typically applied to skin, mucous membranes, or oral cavity.

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Paste Function

Pastes act as protective coatings and occlusive barriers at normal body temperature, forming an unbroken film on skin.

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Paste Composition

Pastes often contain a high percentage of insoluble solid within an ointment base.

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Paste vs. Ointment

Pastes are less greasy, less penetrating, and less heating than ointments, often acting as a protective barrier.

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Fatty Paste Example

An example of a paste with a fatty base, like 'Zon paste'.

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Non-greasy Paste Example

A non-greasy paste example, like 'Bassorin paste' (also known as tragacanth jelly), which uses hydrophilic components.

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Paste Application

Pastes are typically applied to skin, mucous membranes, or oral cavities.

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Paste Preparation Method

Pastes are often made by incorporating solids into a congealed base, one step using levigation.

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Sterile Topical Prep

Topical products requiring microbial filtration, aseptic processing, & laminar-flow for safety

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Topical Preservatives

Chemicals inhibiting microbial growth in topical products

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Microbial Contamination

Presence of microbes in topical products, harming quality and safety

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Semisolid Packaging

Packaging (jars/tubes) for topical creams/ointments, pressure-filling techniques preferred

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Storage for Semisolids

Storing products in cool, dark conditions to prevent product changes like crystallization during temperature fluctuations

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Packaging Protection

Preventing product degradation through protecting from light, air, heat, water, interactions with container materials

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Product Stability

Topical products maintaining their properties (consistency, odor, color, efficacy) and avoiding decomposition in storage

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Ointment Jars

Large-mouth jars, or tubes, used for packaging ointments, to prevent air from entering and maintain product quality

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Levigation

Finely dividing insoluble powders or liquids using a levigating agent.

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Levigation Agents

Substances used to help grind and mix insoluble powders or liquids in ointments. Mineral oil, glycerin, or propylene glycol are examples.

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Geometric Dilution

Method of incorporating powders into ointments where powders or liquids are added progressively, avoiding air pockets.

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Fusion Method

Melting together ointment bases and ingredients to create o/w creams.

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Melting Point Ordering

Melting bases with higher melting points first and adding ingredients in descending melting order avoids overheating.

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Powders in Ointments

Incorporating powdered drugs into an ointment base after the base has set, using the base as a levigating agent.

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Semisolids Preservation

Water-containing semisolids are more prone to microbial growth than hydrophobic ones.

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Ointment Base Melting Points

Beeswax (63°C), Hard Paraffin (55°C), Soft Paraffin (43°C), Wool Fat (58°C), Cetosteryl alcohol (43°C), and Spermaceti (46°C) are common ointment base melting points.

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Topical Labeling

Pharmaceutical labeling for ointments/creams specifying the base type (e.g., water-soluble, water-insoluble).

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Topical Application Steps

Cleanse, dry the area, apply thin film evenly, gentle massage if needed, wash hands, avoid occlusion.

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Topical Dosage Form Expense

Cost of topical medications is higher, necessitating patient counseling for optimal use.

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Topical Application Preparation

Cleanse affected area with soap and water before applying the medication, unless otherwise indicated.

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Future Self Gratitude

Reflect on actions, decisions that will impact future self's gratitude or regret

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Study Notes

Dosage Form Design 2: Cream, Paste & Ointment

  • Creams, pastes, and ointments are semisolid dosage forms.
  • Semisolids are used for topical application, treatment of wounds, and certain mucous membranes.
  • They provide local therapeutic effects, including emollient or protective action.
  • The topical application route avoids the first-pass gut and hepatic metabolism, reducing side effects.
  • Student learning outcomes include distinguishing cream, ointment, and paste; preparing them; selecting proper packaging; and preparing appropriate labels.

Definition and Characteristics

  • Creams: Opaque, viscous, relatively soft; usually contain more than 20% water or volatiles and less than 50% hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols. Intended for external use.

  • Ointments: Homogenous, translucent, viscous; contain less than 20% water/volatiles and more than 50% hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols. Also for external application.

  • Pastes: Thick, stiff; high concentration of finely dispersed insoluble powders (20%-50%) in a fatty or aqueous base.

Usage and Types

  • Used for topical applications; placed on skin, eyes, and in body cavities (vagina, rectum).
  • Various types of creams exist, including aqueous (oil-in-water emulsion) and oily (water-in-oil emulsion).

Preparation Method

  • The preparation of semisolids involves: active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), bases, preservatives, humectants, antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, permeation enhancers, and buffer.

  • Methods for preparation include trituration (mechanical incorporation), fusion (high-temperature preparation), and emulsification.

Ideal Physical Properties

  • Smooth texture
  • Elegant appearance
  • Non-drying
  • Non-gritty
  • Non-greasy and non-staining
  • Non-hygroscopic

Physiological Properties

  • Non-irritating
  • Miscible with skin secretions
  • Low sensitization effect
  • Easily applicable
  • Efficient drug release
  • High aqueous washability

Advantages

  • Local action
  • Reduced side effects due to avoiding first-pass metabolism
  • Increased patient compliance

Disadvantages

  • No dose accuracy
  • Bulky to handle
  • Easily oxidised
  • Application with fingers may lead to contamination
  • Physiochemically less stable than solid dosage forms.

Container and Storage

  • Jars and tubes are used for packaging semisolids.
  • Semisolids are stored in cool, dry places away from light.
  • Ointments should be stored in completely filled and tightly closed containers.

Labeling

  • Packaging should include base type (e.g., water soluble or water insoluble).
  • Label for directions (e.g., For external use only)

Administration

  • Cleanse the affected area before applying the topical medication.
  • Applies as a thin film.
  • Avoid overuse.
  • Gentle massaging may be advised.
  • Wash hands after application.
  • Occlusion is generally not required.

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