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Questions and Answers
What is a primary disadvantage of semisolid dosage forms?
What is a primary disadvantage of semisolid dosage forms?
Which property is NOT ideal for a semisolid dosage form?
Which property is NOT ideal for a semisolid dosage form?
What distinguishes an ointment from a cream?
What distinguishes an ointment from a cream?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological ideal property of semisolid dosage forms?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological ideal property of semisolid dosage forms?
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What best describes the texture of a cream?
What best describes the texture of a cream?
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What is a common issue with the application of semisolid dosage forms?
What is a common issue with the application of semisolid dosage forms?
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Which characteristic is typical for pastes as a semisolid dosage form?
Which characteristic is typical for pastes as a semisolid dosage form?
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What is an ideal feature of a semisolid dosage form regarding drug release?
What is an ideal feature of a semisolid dosage form regarding drug release?
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What is the primary function of pastes when applied to the skin?
What is the primary function of pastes when applied to the skin?
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Which statement accurately differentiates pastes from ointments?
Which statement accurately differentiates pastes from ointments?
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What percentage of solids do pastes typically contain?
What percentage of solids do pastes typically contain?
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What type of paste is bassorin paste categorized as?
What type of paste is bassorin paste categorized as?
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Which of the following is NOT a general use of ointments?
Which of the following is NOT a general use of ointments?
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What is a primary characteristic of aqueous creams?
What is a primary characteristic of aqueous creams?
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How are pastes typically prepared?
How are pastes typically prepared?
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Which of the following is NOT a common application site for creams?
Which of the following is NOT a common application site for creams?
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What role do the solids in pastes play when applied to the skin?
What role do the solids in pastes play when applied to the skin?
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Why do patients and physicians often prefer creams over ointments?
Why do patients and physicians often prefer creams over ointments?
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In which of the following scenarios would a paste be preferable to an ointment?
In which of the following scenarios would a paste be preferable to an ointment?
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What type of cream is suitable for application on oozing wounds?
What type of cream is suitable for application on oozing wounds?
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What are creams primarily composed of?
What are creams primarily composed of?
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Which of the following is true regarding oily creams?
Which of the following is true regarding oily creams?
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What should be done to the affected area before applying a topical medication?
What should be done to the affected area before applying a topical medication?
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Which of the following conditions could be treated with creams?
Which of the following conditions could be treated with creams?
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How should topical medication generally be applied to the skin?
How should topical medication generally be applied to the skin?
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What is a benefit of using an oil-in-water cream compared to other types?
What is a benefit of using an oil-in-water cream compared to other types?
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What is the recommended action after applying topical medication to the affected area?
What is the recommended action after applying topical medication to the affected area?
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What general advice should be followed regarding the use of topical medications?
What general advice should be followed regarding the use of topical medications?
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What specific information must be included on the labeling of certain pharmaceutical ointments and creams?
What specific information must be included on the labeling of certain pharmaceutical ointments and creams?
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What is the primary purpose of adding a chemical antimicrobial preservative to topical products?
What is the primary purpose of adding a chemical antimicrobial preservative to topical products?
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Which of the following is NOT a common example of a topical preservative?
Which of the following is NOT a common example of a topical preservative?
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What should be done to avoid entrapping air when packing ointments into jars?
What should be done to avoid entrapping air when packing ointments into jars?
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What is the recommended storage condition for ointments?
What is the recommended storage condition for ointments?
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Which of the following is an advantage of packaging semisolid products in tubes?
Which of the following is an advantage of packaging semisolid products in tubes?
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What can changes in temperature potentially cause in ointments?
What can changes in temperature potentially cause in ointments?
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How are semisolid products typically bulk-filled into jars on an industrial scale?
How are semisolid products typically bulk-filled into jars on an industrial scale?
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What type of container should light-sensitive preparations be packaged in?
What type of container should light-sensitive preparations be packaged in?
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What is the primary purpose of using a levigating agent in the preparation of ointments?
What is the primary purpose of using a levigating agent in the preparation of ointments?
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Which method is primarily used for preparing o/w (oil in water) creams?
Which method is primarily used for preparing o/w (oil in water) creams?
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Why is it important to melt the fatty bases in order of their melting points when preparing ointments?
Why is it important to melt the fatty bases in order of their melting points when preparing ointments?
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How should liquids be added during the preparation of an ointment to prevent air pockets?
How should liquids be added during the preparation of an ointment to prevent air pockets?
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Which of the following ingredients has the highest melting point?
Which of the following ingredients has the highest melting point?
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What is the reason for adding powdered medicaments after the base has congealed?
What is the reason for adding powdered medicaments after the base has congealed?
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What type of semisolids are more susceptible to microbial growth?
What type of semisolids are more susceptible to microbial growth?
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Which technique is recommended when using small quantities for mixing ointments?
Which technique is recommended when using small quantities for mixing ointments?
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Study Notes
Dosage Form Design 2: Cream, Paste & Ointment
- Creams, pastes, and ointments are semisolid dosage forms.
- Semisolids are used for topical application, treatment of wounds, and certain mucous membranes.
- They provide local therapeutic effects, including emollient or protective action.
- The topical application route avoids the first-pass gut and hepatic metabolism, reducing side effects.
- Student learning outcomes include distinguishing cream, ointment, and paste; preparing them; selecting proper packaging; and preparing appropriate labels.
Definition and Characteristics
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Creams: Opaque, viscous, relatively soft; usually contain more than 20% water or volatiles and less than 50% hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols. Intended for external use.
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Ointments: Homogenous, translucent, viscous; contain less than 20% water/volatiles and more than 50% hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols. Also for external application.
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Pastes: Thick, stiff; high concentration of finely dispersed insoluble powders (20%-50%) in a fatty or aqueous base.
Usage and Types
- Used for topical applications; placed on skin, eyes, and in body cavities (vagina, rectum).
- Various types of creams exist, including aqueous (oil-in-water emulsion) and oily (water-in-oil emulsion).
Preparation Method
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The preparation of semisolids involves: active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), bases, preservatives, humectants, antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, permeation enhancers, and buffer.
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Methods for preparation include trituration (mechanical incorporation), fusion (high-temperature preparation), and emulsification.
Ideal Physical Properties
- Smooth texture
- Elegant appearance
- Non-drying
- Non-gritty
- Non-greasy and non-staining
- Non-hygroscopic
Physiological Properties
- Non-irritating
- Miscible with skin secretions
- Low sensitization effect
- Easily applicable
- Efficient drug release
- High aqueous washability
Advantages
- Local action
- Reduced side effects due to avoiding first-pass metabolism
- Increased patient compliance
Disadvantages
- No dose accuracy
- Bulky to handle
- Easily oxidised
- Application with fingers may lead to contamination
- Physiochemically less stable than solid dosage forms.
Container and Storage
- Jars and tubes are used for packaging semisolids.
- Semisolids are stored in cool, dry places away from light.
- Ointments should be stored in completely filled and tightly closed containers.
Labeling
- Packaging should include base type (e.g., water soluble or water insoluble).
- Label for directions (e.g., For external use only)
Administration
- Cleanse the affected area before applying the topical medication.
- Applies as a thin film.
- Avoid overuse.
- Gentle massaging may be advised.
- Wash hands after application.
- Occlusion is generally not required.
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