Routes of Drug Administration

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of systemic administration?

  • Drug must be injected directly into the muscle.
  • Drug is used primarily for local effects with minimal side effects.
  • Drug enters the bloodstream, affecting the entire body. (correct)
  • Drug is applied directly to the affected area.

Which of the following is NOT an enteral route of drug administration?

  • Sublingual
  • Intranasal (correct)
  • Oral
  • Buccal

What is an advantage of the oral route of drug administration?

  • Is a safe and convenient method for self-administration. (correct)
  • Provides the fastest onset of action.
  • Requires professional administration.
  • Completely avoids gastrointestinal absorption.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the oral route of administration?

<p>Slower onset of action compared to other routes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route involves the drug being absorbed primarily through the small intestine?

<p>Oral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is an example of the sublingual route?

<p>Glyceryl trinitrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a retention enema?

<p>Stimulation of bowel movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the rectal route of drug administration?

<p>Irregular and unpredictable absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug can be classified as a systemic effect administered rectally?

<p>Cetal suppositories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the rectal route preferred for certain drugs?

<p>Drugs are not affected by digestive enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue with acidity sensitive drugs concerning absorption?

<p>Absorption is slower when milk products are consumed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of first-pass metabolism?

<p>Drug gets metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route allows for rapid drug absorption into the bloodstream while bypassing the digestive system?

<p>Sublingual route (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a significant disadvantage of using the sublingual route?

<p>It causes irritation of the mucous membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue might arise when administering drugs using the buccal route?

<p>Saliva production could be excessive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might people with difficulty swallowing prefer sublingual medications?

<p>They dissolve more easily under the tongue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the size of drugs that can be delivered via the sublingual route?

<p>Only small and potent drugs can be delivered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of drug administration through emesis and diarrhea?

<p>Decreased drug concentration in systemic circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Systemic drug administration

Drug enters the bloodstream, distributing throughout the body to produce effects.

Local drug administration

Drug applied directly to the area needing treatment, leading to lower side effects.

Enteral routes

Drug administration routes that involve the gastrointestinal tract.

Oral route

Drug taken by mouth, absorbed from the small intestine to bloodstream; common, convenient and safe.

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Oral route advantage

Convenient, safe, self-administrable, and cost-effective, though slower onset of action.

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Sublingual route

Drug administration under the tongue, allowing rapid absorption into the bloodstream, bypassing the first-pass metabolism in the liver.

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Buccal route

Drug administration between the cheek and gum, allowing slow and sustained absorption into the bloodstream.

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Rectal route

Drug administration through the rectum, bypassing the first-pass metabolism and providing an alternative to oral or IV routes.

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Advantage of Rectal Route

Provides a useful alternative for patients who cannot take medication orally, such as those unconscious or experiencing nausea and vomiting.

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Disadvantage of Rectal Route

Irregular drug absorption and potential rectal irritation can limit its use.

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First-pass effect

The drug is metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation, decreasing its concentration in the bloodstream.

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Advantages of sublingual and buccal routes

These routes provide faster onset, bypass the digestive system, and avoid the first-pass effect, leading to higher drug concentrations.

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Disadvantages of sublingual and buccal routes

These routes may not be suitable for drugs with unpleasant taste or odor, can cause excessive saliva production, and limit drug dosages due to the small area.

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How food affects drug absorption

Food can influence drug absorption, affecting the rate and amount of drug entering the bloodstream.

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Acid-sensitive drugs

Drugs that are degraded by stomach acid, requiring special formulations or administration.

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First-pass effect and oral administration

The first-pass effect significantly reduces the bioavailability of orally administered drugs, as the drug is metabolized before reaching the system.

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Study Notes

Routes of Drug Administration

  • Systemic administration: Drugs enter the bloodstream, distributed throughout the body, producing systemic effects.
  • Local administration: Drugs are applied to the site where the desired effect is needed, causing minimal side effects.

Classification of Routes

  • Systemic:
    • Enteral: Drugs are administered via the gastrointestinal tract.
      • Oral (e.g., tablets, capsules, liquids)
      • Sublingual (under the tongue)
      • Buccal (between the cheek and gum)
      • Rectal (rectum)
    • Parenteral: Drugs are administered by injection.
      • Inhalation (e.g., aerosol)
      • Intranasal
      • Transdermal
      • Injection
      • Inhalational
      • Skin topical
      • Eye drops
      • Others

Oral Route

  • Advantages:
    • Common method
    • Safe, convenient, and painless
    • Convenient, self-administration
    • Relatively inexpensive
  • Disadvantages:
    • Slower onset of action
    • Affected by food presence in the GI tract.
    • Certain drugs are acid-sensitive (e.g., penicillin G)
    • Some drugs cause issues for unconscious or uncooperative patients (e.g., nausea).
    • First-pass metabolism: Drug metabolized by liver before reaching systemic circulation, reducing concentration.
    • Can be affected by bad taste, or smell in some cases.

First-Pass Effect

  • Drugs that are absorbed from the GI tract are metabolized by the liver or other organs in the body before reaching systemic circulation.
  • This process reduces the concentration of the active drug in the body.

Sublingual and Buccal Routes

  • Sublingual: Drug administered under the tongue
    • Advantages: Rapid onset, avoids the digestive system, first-pass effect bypassed.
    • Disadvantages: Unpleasant taste or odor.
  • Buccal: Drug is placed between the gum and cheek.
    • Advantages: similar to sublingual
    • Disadvantages: similar to sublingual, also saliva production may be affected.

Rectal Route

  • Method: Administering drugs into the rectum (e.g., suppositories, enemas)
  • Advantages: Useful for unconscious or uncooperative patients, drugs not destroyed by enzymes in the stomach, preferred when gastric irritation occurs
  • Disadvantages: Possible rectal inflammation from irritation, irregular/unpredictable absorption.

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