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Questions and Answers
What is pharmacodynamics?
What is pharmacodynamics?
Which science is a quantitative study?
Which science is a quantitative study?
What is the study of xenobiotics that have detrimental effects on the body?
What is the study of xenobiotics that have detrimental effects on the body?
What are the agents that depress the parts of the nervous system regulating pain sensation and motor movement called?
What are the agents that depress the parts of the nervous system regulating pain sensation and motor movement called?
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What does pharmacodynamics refer to?
What does pharmacodynamics refer to?
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What is the initial drug-receptor interaction considered as?
What is the initial drug-receptor interaction considered as?
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What are the most numerous drug receptors in cells?
What are the most numerous drug receptors in cells?
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What does an agonist do in relation to a cell?
What does an agonist do in relation to a cell?
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What is the effect of increasing concentrations of ligand in drug-receptor bonding?
What is the effect of increasing concentrations of ligand in drug-receptor bonding?
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What determines the level of activity of an agonist?
What determines the level of activity of an agonist?
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What are the mechanisms of drug action apart from cellular mechanisms?
What are the mechanisms of drug action apart from cellular mechanisms?
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What do drug effects on the patient correlate with?
What do drug effects on the patient correlate with?
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What do antagonist drugs do in relation to a receptor?
What do antagonist drugs do in relation to a receptor?
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What are the cellular mechanisms of drug action related to?
What are the cellular mechanisms of drug action related to?
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What is the main focus of pharmacokinetics?
What is the main focus of pharmacokinetics?
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What type of neurons do anaesthetic drugs work by depressing or stimulating?
What type of neurons do anaesthetic drugs work by depressing or stimulating?
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What determines the clinical effect of a drug?
What determines the clinical effect of a drug?
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What describes drug movement in the body?
What describes drug movement in the body?
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What affects the stratum corneum barrier?
What affects the stratum corneum barrier?
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What is a disadvantage of the enteral route of drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of the enteral route of drug administration?
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How can drug action be affected?
How can drug action be affected?
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What affects the effectiveness and potential toxicity of streptomycin?
What affects the effectiveness and potential toxicity of streptomycin?
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What must happen for drugs and toxins to have a biological effect?
What must happen for drugs and toxins to have a biological effect?
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What do pharmacokinetic models describe?
What do pharmacokinetic models describe?
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What influences drug action and owner compliance?
What influences drug action and owner compliance?
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What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration?
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What is the aim of drug therapy?
What is the aim of drug therapy?
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What do effective drugs have at high doses?
What do effective drugs have at high doses?
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What is the main reason for using intravenous administration in veterinary medicine?
What is the main reason for using intravenous administration in veterinary medicine?
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Intra-arterial injection is primarily used for achieving high drug concentrations at:
Intra-arterial injection is primarily used for achieving high drug concentrations at:
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Which type of injection is commonly used in veterinary practice for drug administration?
Which type of injection is commonly used in veterinary practice for drug administration?
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Why is inhalation of anaesthetic agents a common practice in veterinary medicine?
Why is inhalation of anaesthetic agents a common practice in veterinary medicine?
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What is the composition of the blood brain barrier?
What is the composition of the blood brain barrier?
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Under what conditions may the functions of the blood brain barrier be compromised?
Under what conditions may the functions of the blood brain barrier be compromised?
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What is the primary purpose of inhalation therapy in veterinary medicine?
What is the primary purpose of inhalation therapy in veterinary medicine?
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What physicochemical property is required for a steroid anti-inflammatory drug for inhalation in horses?
What physicochemical property is required for a steroid anti-inflammatory drug for inhalation in horses?
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What processes are involved in drug absorption?
What processes are involved in drug absorption?
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In the case of phenylbutazone administered in feed for a lame horse, what must the drug pass through to reach the inflamed joint?
In the case of phenylbutazone administered in feed for a lame horse, what must the drug pass through to reach the inflamed joint?
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How do organophosphate toxins on the skin of calves reach the brain to cause poisoning?
How do organophosphate toxins on the skin of calves reach the brain to cause poisoning?
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Which factors affect the speed and extent of drug penetration across a membrane?
Which factors affect the speed and extent of drug penetration across a membrane?
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What is the first pass effect in drug administration?
What is the first pass effect in drug administration?
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Why may drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents not be absorbed effectively?
Why may drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents not be absorbed effectively?
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In which animal species may oral drug administration be inconvenient?
In which animal species may oral drug administration be inconvenient?
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What is a characteristic of rectal administration?
What is a characteristic of rectal administration?
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How can protected oral dosage forms improve drug absorption?
How can protected oral dosage forms improve drug absorption?
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What challenges do ruminants present for oral drug dosing?
What challenges do ruminants present for oral drug dosing?
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What are characteristics of injectable dosage forms?
What are characteristics of injectable dosage forms?
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What is ensured by intravenous administration?
What is ensured by intravenous administration?
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What challenges may a farmer face when treating cows with an oral antibiotic for a kidney infection?
What challenges may a farmer face when treating cows with an oral antibiotic for a kidney infection?
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For a dehydrated dog with gastroenteritis, what non-intravenous method of fluid administration may be considered?
For a dehydrated dog with gastroenteritis, what non-intravenous method of fluid administration may be considered?
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How can pharmaceutical technologies benefit drug absorption and side effects?
How can pharmaceutical technologies benefit drug absorption and side effects?
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What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs known as?
What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs known as?
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Which science focuses on the mechanism of action of drugs and their effects on cells, tissues, and the body?
Which science focuses on the mechanism of action of drugs and their effects on cells, tissues, and the body?
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What term is used to describe any foreign chemical substance, including drugs and toxins?
What term is used to describe any foreign chemical substance, including drugs and toxins?
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What are the agents that depress the parts of the nervous system regulating pain sensation and motor movement called?
What are the agents that depress the parts of the nervous system regulating pain sensation and motor movement called?
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What determines the clinical effect of a drug?
What determines the clinical effect of a drug?
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Which route of drug administration is convenient for owners but has disadvantages such as drug degradation and food interference?
Which route of drug administration is convenient for owners but has disadvantages such as drug degradation and food interference?
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What factors affect the stratum corneum barrier?
What factors affect the stratum corneum barrier?
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What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration?
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What does pharmacokinetics describe?
What does pharmacokinetics describe?
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What influences drug action and owner compliance?
What influences drug action and owner compliance?
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What are the disadvantages of the enteral route of drug administration?
What are the disadvantages of the enteral route of drug administration?
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What is the aim of drug therapy?
What is the aim of drug therapy?
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What is ensured by intravenous administration?
What is ensured by intravenous administration?
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What is the main focus of pharmacokinetics?
What is the main focus of pharmacokinetics?
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What may affect drug action?
What may affect drug action?
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What is the disadvantage of the enteral route of drug administration in terms of convenience for owners?
What is the disadvantage of the enteral route of drug administration in terms of convenience for owners?
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Which route of drug administration allows for erratic drug absorption, with 50% bypassing the liver?
Which route of drug administration allows for erratic drug absorption, with 50% bypassing the liver?
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What is the primary purpose of protected oral dosage forms, such as enteric coatings?
What is the primary purpose of protected oral dosage forms, such as enteric coatings?
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What is a characteristic of injectable dosage forms?
What is a characteristic of injectable dosage forms?
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What is ensured by intravenous administration?
What is ensured by intravenous administration?
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What challenges do ruminants present for oral drug dosing?
What challenges do ruminants present for oral drug dosing?
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What type of animal species may find oral drug administration inconvenient?
What type of animal species may find oral drug administration inconvenient?
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What is a disadvantage of rectal administration of drugs?
What is a disadvantage of rectal administration of drugs?
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What is a potential benefit of pharmaceutical technologies in drug administration?
What is a potential benefit of pharmaceutical technologies in drug administration?
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What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration for a dehydrated dog with gastroenteritis?
What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration for a dehydrated dog with gastroenteritis?
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What is a characteristic of drug absorption in the case of protected oral dosage forms?
What is a characteristic of drug absorption in the case of protected oral dosage forms?
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What is a primary advantage of injectable dosage forms?
What is a primary advantage of injectable dosage forms?
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What is a potential challenge for a farmer treating cows with an oral antibiotic for a kidney infection?
What is a potential challenge for a farmer treating cows with an oral antibiotic for a kidney infection?
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Which route of drug administration is primarily used for achieving high drug concentrations at specific sites?
Which route of drug administration is primarily used for achieving high drug concentrations at specific sites?
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What is the composition of the blood brain barrier?
What is the composition of the blood brain barrier?
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What is the main reason for using inhalation therapy in veterinary medicine?
What is the main reason for using inhalation therapy in veterinary medicine?
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What physicochemical property is required for a steroid anti-inflammatory drug for inhalation in horses?
What physicochemical property is required for a steroid anti-inflammatory drug for inhalation in horses?
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What processes are involved in drug absorption?
What processes are involved in drug absorption?
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What must phenylbutazone administered in feed for a lame horse pass through to reach the inflamed joint?
What must phenylbutazone administered in feed for a lame horse pass through to reach the inflamed joint?
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What factors affect the speed and extent of drug penetration across a membrane?
What factors affect the speed and extent of drug penetration across a membrane?
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What is the aim of inhalation therapy in veterinary medicine?
What is the aim of inhalation therapy in veterinary medicine?
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What is the function of the blood brain barrier?
What is the function of the blood brain barrier?
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What route of drug administration is commonly used in veterinary practice?
What route of drug administration is commonly used in veterinary practice?
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What is the primary purpose of intravenous administration in veterinary medicine?
What is the primary purpose of intravenous administration in veterinary medicine?
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What is the primary purpose of intra-arterial injection in veterinary medicine?
What is the primary purpose of intra-arterial injection in veterinary medicine?
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Which of the following best describes pharmacodynamics?
Which of the following best describes pharmacodynamics?
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What is the primary function of an antagonist in relation to a receptor?
What is the primary function of an antagonist in relation to a receptor?
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What determines the level of activity of an agonist?
What determines the level of activity of an agonist?
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What is the most numerous type of drug receptors in cells?
What is the most numerous type of drug receptors in cells?
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What is the primary factor determining the clinical effect of a drug?
What is the primary factor determining the clinical effect of a drug?
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What is the reversible nature of drug-receptor bonding known as?
What is the reversible nature of drug-receptor bonding known as?
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What are the non-cellular mechanisms of drug action?
What are the non-cellular mechanisms of drug action?
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What do anaesthetic drugs primarily work by?
What do anaesthetic drugs primarily work by?
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What is the term for a drug that interferes with a receptor without eliciting a reaction?
What is the term for a drug that interferes with a receptor without eliciting a reaction?
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What is the term for the induction of synthesis of specific proteins as a result of receptor activation?
What is the term for the induction of synthesis of specific proteins as a result of receptor activation?
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What do drug effects on the patient correlate with?
What do drug effects on the patient correlate with?
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What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?
What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?
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What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?
What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?
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What does an antagonist do in relation to a receptor?
What does an antagonist do in relation to a receptor?
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What determines the level of activity of an agonist?
What determines the level of activity of an agonist?
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What are the most numerous drug receptors in cells?
What are the most numerous drug receptors in cells?
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What is the effect of increasing concentrations of ligand in drug-receptor bonding?
What is the effect of increasing concentrations of ligand in drug-receptor bonding?
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What is the initial drug-receptor interaction considered as?
What is the initial drug-receptor interaction considered as?
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What do drug effects on the patient correlate with?
What do drug effects on the patient correlate with?
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What is the aim of drug therapy?
What is the aim of drug therapy?
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What must happen for drugs and toxins to have a biological effect?
What must happen for drugs and toxins to have a biological effect?
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What is ensured by intravenous administration?
What is ensured by intravenous administration?
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What does pharmacodynamics refer to?
What does pharmacodynamics refer to?
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What are the mechanisms of drug action apart from cellular mechanisms?
What are the mechanisms of drug action apart from cellular mechanisms?
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Study Notes
Routes of Drug Administration and Pharmacokinetics
- The first pass effect refers to the metabolism of drugs by the liver after absorption, which can affect drug bioavailability.
- Drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents may not be absorbed effectively.
- Oral drug administration can result in slower drug action compared to injectable routes and may be inconvenient for certain animal species like cattle, pigs, and cats.
- Rectal administration allows for erratic drug absorption, with 50% bypassing the liver, making it useful for certain drug types and conditions.
- Protected oral dosage forms, such as enteric coatings, can target drug release in specific parts of the gastrointestinal tract to improve absorption and reduce side effects.
- Ruminants present unique challenges for oral drug dosing, including drug dilution in rumen fluid and inactivation by rumen microflora.
- Parenteral routes of drug administration include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and other methods, each with specific advantages and disadvantages.
- Injectable dosage forms can provide rapid and high blood drug concentrations, protect drugs from intestinal degradation, and avoid first pass metabolism.
- Intravenous administration ensures 100% bioavailability, as all the drug enters the circulation unchanged.
- A farmer treating cows with an oral antibiotic for a kidney infection may face challenges related to drug absorption, metabolism, and effectiveness.
- For a dehydrated dog with gastroenteritis, rectal administration of fluids may be considered, in addition to other non-intravenous methods, depending on the dog's ability to retain the fluid.
- Pharmaceutical technologies can selectively release drugs to specific parts of the gastrointestinal tract, offering potential benefits for drug absorption and side effects.
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics: Mechanisms of Drug Action
- Pharmacodynamics refers to the mechanisms by which drugs achieve anesthesia.
- The initial drug-receptor interaction is the action of the drug.
- Drug effects are quantitative and alter pre-existing cell function.
- Anaesthetic drugs work by depressing excitatory neurons, stimulating inhibitory neurons, or depressing all neurons.
- Non-cellular mechanisms of drug action include physical effects, chemical reactions, physicochemical effects, and modification of body fluid composition.
- Cellular mechanisms of drug action involve physicochemical and biophysical processes, modification of cell membrane structure and function, neurohumoral transmission, enzyme inhibitors, and regulatory molecule activation or inhibition through receptor-mediated effects.
- The most numerous drug receptors are the cells' proteins, with properties such as specificity, saturable kinetics, and action vs. effect.
- Results of receptor activation include the induction of synthesis of specific protein, regulation of gated ion channels in the plasma membrane, and regulation of plasma membrane enzymes.
- An agonist stimulates a reaction in the cell, with affinity and potency determining its level of activity.
- An antagonist interferes with a receptor or part of the effector mechanism without eliciting a reaction.
- Drug-receptor bonding is reversible, and increasing concentrations of ligand can displace the antagonist.
- Drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body, correlating with the concentration of the agent in the plasma.
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Description
Test your knowledge of routes of drug administration and pharmacokinetics with this quiz. Explore topics such as first pass effect, oral and rectal drug administration, parenteral routes, and the impact of pharmaceutical technologies on drug release and absorption. Ideal for students and professionals in veterinary medicine, pharmacology, and pharmaceutical sciences.