Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Quiz: Bioavailability Calculation
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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship described by dose-response curves?

  • The relationship between drug clearance and plasma concentration
  • The relationship between drug dosage and duration of response
  • The relationship between drug volume of distribution and maximum response
  • The relationship between drug dosage and intensity of response (correct)

    • What does maximal efficacy refer to in dose-response curves?

  • The relative potency of a drug
  • The largest effect that a drug can produce (correct)
  • The dosage needed to produce effects
  • The minimum amount of drug to produce a response

    • What is relative potency in the context of drugs?

  • The dosage needed to produce effects
  • The largest effect that a drug can produce
  • The amount of drug that must be given to elicit an effect (correct)
  • The maximum response that a drug can produce

    • How are most drugs thought to produce their effects?

    <p>By interacting with protein targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bioavailability of the drug 'Pete Mitchell' based on the given data?

    <p>0.088 or 8.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does low bioavailability imply?

    <p>Less drug enters the bloodstream than expected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 10% bioavailability imply in terms of dosage?

    <p>Ten times the dose is needed to achieve the desired plasma concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of low bioavailability?

    <p>Need to administer more drug to get the desired effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the short-term effect of receptor phosphorylation?

    <p>Desensitization (tachyphylaxis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the longer-term adaptation called when the number of receptors decreases due to internalization and regulation of receptor gene expression?

    <p>Down-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the situation where the same dose of a drug given repeatedly loses its effect?

    <p>Pharmacodynamic tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease state results in impaired neurotransmission and muscle weakness due to the destruction of nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscle?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the levels of CYP 2E1 as a consequence of excessive drinking?

    <p>They become elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does nutritional status affect drug metabolism?

    <p>It can compromise drug metabolism in malnourished patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-pass effect in drug metabolism?

    <p>It involves the rapid hepatic inactivation of an oral drug during absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does stereoselectivity refer to in drug metabolism?

    <p>It involves the selective action of drug metabolizing enzymes on different stereoisomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the situation where continuous exposure to antagonists initially increases the response of the receptor?

    <p>Supersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tolerance is described as adaptations to chronic drug exposure at the tissue and receptor level?

    <p>Pharmacodynamic tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug response, what does up-regulation of enzymes that metabolize drug lead to?

    <p>Pharmacokinetic tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the longer-term adaptation when chronic exposure to antagonists can increase the number of receptors?

    <p>Upregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug interaction involves a submaximal response and appears to antagonize the effect of full agonists?

    <p>Partial agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which allosteric modulators influence the effects of an agonist or inverse agonist at its receptor protein target?

    <p>They bind to a site distinct from that of the orthosteric binding site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do biased agonists preferentially activate when receptor binding leads to multiple, distinct responses?

    <p>One of those pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug interaction induces the opposite effect as an agonist when it binds to a receptor?

    <p>Inverse agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

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