24 Questions
What is the relationship described by dose-response curves?
The relationship between drug dosage and intensity of response
What does maximal efficacy refer to in dose-response curves?
The largest effect that a drug can produce
What is relative potency in the context of drugs?
The amount of drug that must be given to elicit an effect
How are most drugs thought to produce their effects?
By interacting with protein targets
What is the bioavailability of the drug 'Pete Mitchell' based on the given data?
0.088 or 8.8%
What does low bioavailability imply?
Less drug enters the bloodstream than expected
What does a 10% bioavailability imply in terms of dosage?
Ten times the dose is needed to achieve the desired plasma concentration
What is a potential consequence of low bioavailability?
Need to administer more drug to get the desired effect
What is the short-term effect of receptor phosphorylation?
Desensitization (tachyphylaxis)
What is the longer-term adaptation called when the number of receptors decreases due to internalization and regulation of receptor gene expression?
Down-regulation
What is the term used to describe the situation where the same dose of a drug given repeatedly loses its effect?
Pharmacodynamic tolerance
Which disease state results in impaired neurotransmission and muscle weakness due to the destruction of nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscle?
Myasthenia gravis
What happens to the levels of CYP 2E1 as a consequence of excessive drinking?
They become elevated
How does nutritional status affect drug metabolism?
It can compromise drug metabolism in malnourished patients
What is the first-pass effect in drug metabolism?
It involves the rapid hepatic inactivation of an oral drug during absorption
What does stereoselectivity refer to in drug metabolism?
It involves the selective action of drug metabolizing enzymes on different stereoisomers
What is the term for the situation where continuous exposure to antagonists initially increases the response of the receptor?
Supersensitivity
Which type of tolerance is described as adaptations to chronic drug exposure at the tissue and receptor level?
Pharmacodynamic tolerance
In the context of drug response, what does up-regulation of enzymes that metabolize drug lead to?
Pharmacokinetic tolerance
What is the term for the longer-term adaptation when chronic exposure to antagonists can increase the number of receptors?
Upregulation
Which type of drug interaction involves a submaximal response and appears to antagonize the effect of full agonists?
Partial agonists
What is the mechanism by which allosteric modulators influence the effects of an agonist or inverse agonist at its receptor protein target?
They bind to a site distinct from that of the orthosteric binding site
What do biased agonists preferentially activate when receptor binding leads to multiple, distinct responses?
One of those pathways
Which type of drug interaction induces the opposite effect as an agonist when it binds to a receptor?
Inverse agonists
Test your understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with this quiz question. Calculate the bioavailability of an experimental drug 'Pete Mitchell' based on the given IV and Oral AUC data, and draw conclusions from the results.
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