Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of pharmacodynamics?

  • The study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises then excretes drugs
  • The study of the mechanism of action of drugs and the biochemical and physiological effects they cause (correct)
  • The study of xenobiotics that have a detrimental effect on the body and the pathologies they cause
  • The science of drugs including their chemical properties and their effects on the body

    • What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises then excretes drugs?

  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacokinetics (correct)
  • Xenobiotic
  • Toxicology

    • What is the definition of xenobiotic?

  • Any foreign chemical substance (correct)
  • The science of drugs including their chemical properties and their effects on the body
  • The study of how drugs have their effect on cells, tissues and the body
  • The study of xenobiotics that have a detrimental effect on the body and the pathologies they cause

    • What is the science of drugs including their chemical properties and their effects on the body?

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of drug movement in the body?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects the stratum corneum barrier?

    <p>Molecular weight and lipophilicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of the enteral route of drug administration?

    <p>Convenience, safety, and varied dosage forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration can influence the effectiveness of drug action?

    <p>Route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of drug therapy?

    <p>To achieve desired biological response without causing toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor must drugs and toxins have to enter the bloodstream?

    <p>Physicochemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the movement of xenobiotics around the body?

    <p>Pharmacokinetic models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is streptomycin classified as?

    <p>An antibiotic not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can elderly dog owners be offered for heartworm prevention treatment?

    <p>Daily, monthly, or yearly oral, topical, or injectable treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are disadvantages of the enteral route of drug administration?

    <p>Drug degradation, food effects, and rapid metabolism by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the convenient method of giving drugs, especially for oral drugs?

    <p>Enteral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects the effectiveness of drug action and owner compliance?

    <p>Route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of drug administration bypasses the liver, making it useful for certain drugs?

    <p>Rectal administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can enteric coatings on tablets and capsules do to drug absorption or side effects?

    <p>Improve drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor to consider for oral drug dosing in ruminants?

    <p>Inactivation by rumen microflora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration provides 100% bioavailability as all the drug enters the circulation unchanged?

    <p>Intravenous administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents?

    <p>They may not be absorbed effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can rectal administration be useful for certain drugs?

    <p>It bypasses the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of injectable dosage forms in terms of blood drug concentrations?

    <p>They provide more rapid and higher peaks in blood drug concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must injectable drugs be sterile and pyrogen free?

    <p>To prevent infection and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first pass effect involve?

    <p>Metabolism by intestinal enzymes affecting drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can drug action be slow when administered orally compared to injectable routes?

    <p>Due to slower absorption in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration for some species like cattle and pigs?

    <p>Inconvenience for the animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from IV administration, what other method can be used to give fluids to animals?

    <p>Rectal administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of intravenous administration of drugs in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Rapid response and controlled delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which administration route is used to target high drug concentrations at specific body sites?

    <p>Intra-arterial injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between intramuscular and subcutaneous injections in veterinary practice?

    <p>Depth of injection and absorption rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of inhalation of drugs, like anaesthetics, in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Rapid entry into the bloodstream and the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Blood-brain barrier structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of inhalation therapy in asthmatic animals?

    <p>Limit systemic drug entry and focus on local effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses?

    <p>Physicochemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does absorption involve in the context of drug administration in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Moving drugs from the administration site to the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for tracking drug passage for phenylbutazone treatment for lameness in horses?

    <p>Tracking drug passage from ingestion to the affected joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does toxin movement occur in organophosphate poisoning in calves?

    <p>From skin to the brain through specific cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences drug absorption across cell membranes?

    <p>Physicochemical properties, concentration gradient, membrane surface area, thickness, time in contact, and permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors influence drug absorption across cell membranes?

    <p>Surface area, membrane thickness, and time in contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pharmacodynamics refer to?

    <p>The mechanisms by which drugs achieve the clinical outcome of anesthesia through drug-receptor interaction and subsequent drug effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are drug effects in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function and can involve inhibition or stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drug receptors exhibit?

    <p>Specificity, saturable kinetics, and action vs. effect, and can induce the synthesis of specific proteins, regulate ion channels, and influence plasma membrane enzymes upon activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do agonists do in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Stimulate a reaction in the cell by combining with the receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>The number of drug-receptor complexes, with more occupied receptors leading to an increased response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pharmacokinetics involve?

    <p>The principles that drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body, often correlating with plasma concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides a measure of drug activity in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Blood levels of drugs, as increasing xenobiotic levels in blood generally increase the biological effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?

    <p>The study of the mechanism of action of drugs and the biochemical and physiological effects they cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for any foreign chemical substance, including drugs and toxins?

    <p>Xenobiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agents are used to depress the parts of the nervous system that regulate pain sensation and motor movement?

    <p>Analgesics and general anaesthetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of toxicology?

    <p>The study of xenobiotics that have a detrimental effect on the body and the pathologies they cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function due to drug effects?

    <p>Physicochemical actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drug receptors exhibit?

    <p>Specificity and saturable kinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do agonists do in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Combine with the receptor and stimulate a reaction in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Number of drug-receptor complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides a measure of drug activity in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Blood levels of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are drug effects in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do antagonists do in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Interfere with the receptor but do not elicit a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mechanisms by which drugs achieve the clinical outcome of anesthesia through drug-receptor interaction and subsequent drug effects?

    <p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the principles that drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cellular mechanisms of drug action?

    <p>Physicochemical and biophysical effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of drug administration allows rapid entry into the bloodstream and the brain?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of intra-arterial injection in veterinary medicine?

    <p>To target high drug concentrations at specific body sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of inhalation therapy in asthmatic animals?

    <p>To limit systemic drug entry and focus on local effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses?

    <p>Physicochemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in absorption in the context of drug administration in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Moving drugs from the administration site to the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for tracking drug passage for phenylbutazone treatment for lameness in horses?

    <p>Tracing drug movement from ingestion to the affected joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does drug passage occur in organophosphate poisoning in calves?

    <p>From skin to the brain through specific cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences drug absorption across cell membranes?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Drug concentration in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drug receptors exhibit in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pharmacodynamics refer to?

    <p>Drug effects and their mechanism of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of drug movement in the body?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration provides 100% bioavailability as all the drug enters the circulation unchanged?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must drugs and toxins have to enter the bloodstream?

    <p>Appropriate physicochemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents?

    <p>They can be absorbed more readily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between intramuscular and subcutaneous injections in veterinary practice?

    <p>Rate of absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drug receptors exhibit?

    <p>High specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of drug therapy?

    <p>To achieve desired biological response without causing toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses?

    <p>Particle size and distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the convenient method of giving drugs, especially for oral drugs?

    <p>Enteral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Distribution volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes then excretes drugs?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of enteric coatings on tablets and capsules in drug administration?

    <p>To improve drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor must be considered for oral drug dosing in ruminants?

    <p>Inactivation by rumen microflora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of parenteral routes of drug administration?

    <p>Provide rapid and higher peaks in blood drug concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of drug administration provides 100% bioavailability?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of rectal administration in drug absorption?

    <p>Erratic absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for injectable drugs in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Sterility and freedom from pyrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using enteric coatings on tablets and capsules?

    <p>To protect drugs from acidic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a disadvantage of oral drug administration in certain species like cattle and pigs?

    <p>Inconvenience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drawback of rectal administration despite bypassing the liver?

    <p>Erratic absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of injectable dosage forms in terms of blood drug concentrations?

    <p>Provide rapid and higher peaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using different methods, including rectal administration, to give fluids to animals apart from IV administration?

    <p>Preventing infection and adverse reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drawback of rectal administration despite bypassing the liver?

    <p>Erratic absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Studying the mechanism of action of drugs and their effects on cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for any foreign chemical substance?

    <p>Xenobiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are agents that depress the parts of the nervous system that regulate pain sensation and motor movement termed?

    <p>Analgesics and general anaesthetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration may influence the effectiveness of drug action and owner compliance?

    <p>Enteral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors affect stratum corneum barrier?

    <p>Molecular weight and lipophilicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the disadvantages of the enteral route of drug administration?

    <p>Drug degradation and food effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drawback of rectal administration in drug absorption?

    <p>Low bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of drug movement in the body?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must drugs and toxins have to enter the bloodstream?

    <p>Physicochemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of enteric coatings on tablets and capsules in drug administration?

    <p>Prevent drug degradation in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes then excretes drugs?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for any foreign chemical substance, including drugs and toxins?

    <p>Xenobiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of parenteral routes of drug administration?

    <p>High bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of drug administration bypasses the liver, making it useful for certain drugs?

    <p>Rectal administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of enteric coatings on tablets and capsules in drug administration?

    <p>To prolong drug action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration for some species like cattle and pigs?

    <p>Slow drug action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drawback of rectal administration despite bypassing the liver?

    <p>Erratic drug absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of injectable dosage forms in terms of blood drug concentrations?

    <p>Rapid and higher peaks in blood drug concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must drugs and toxins have to enter the bloodstream?

    <p>High water solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in absorption in the context of drug administration in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Movement of drugs into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of toxicology?

    <p>Adverse effects of drugs and toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Drug concentration at the site of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Study of drug interactions with cellular and molecular targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function due to drug effects called?

    <p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of drug movement in the body?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do drug receptors exhibit in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Saturable kinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Absorption and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the principles that drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body?

    <p>Dose-response relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do agonists do in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Stimulate a reaction in the cell by combining with the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides a measure of drug activity in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Plasma concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of drug movement in the body?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cellular mechanisms of drug action?

    <p>Physicochemical and biophysical effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are drug effects in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?

    <p>Number of drug-receptor complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in regulating the biological effects of xenobiotics in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inhalation therapy in asthmatics?

    <p>To limit systemic drug entry and focus on local effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences drug absorption across cell membranes?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses?

    <p>Physicochemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for tracking drug passage for phenylbutazone treatment for lameness in horses?

    <p>Movement from ingestion to the affected joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of drug movement from the administration site to the bloodstream?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Blood-brain barrier structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from IV administration, what other method can be used to give fluids to animals?

    <p>Intramuscular injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of rectal administration in drug absorption?

    <p>Slow drug action compared to injectable routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of parenteral routes of drug administration?

    <p>Rapid response and large volume delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in absorption in the context of drug administration in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Moving drugs from the administration site to the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is used to target high drug concentrations at specific body sites?

    <p>Intra-arterial injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics in Drug Action

    • Pharmacodynamics refers to the mechanisms by which drugs achieve the clinical outcome of anesthesia through drug-receptor interaction and subsequent drug effects.
    • Drug effects are quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function and can involve inhibition or stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system.
    • Drugs may have therapeutic effects through non-cellular mechanisms such as physical effects, chemical reactions, physicochemical actions, and modification of body fluid composition.
    • Cellular mechanisms of drug action include physicochemical and biophysical effects, modification of cell membrane structure and function, interference with neurohumoral transmission, enzyme inhibition, and receptor-mediated effects.
    • Drug receptors, such as proteins, exhibit specificity, saturable kinetics, and action vs. effect, and can induce the synthesis of specific proteins, regulate ion channels, and influence plasma membrane enzymes upon activation.
    • Agonists stimulate a reaction in the cell by combining with the receptor, while antagonists interfere with the receptor but do not elicit a reaction, usually by preventing the binding of an agonist.
    • The number of drug-receptor complexes determines the level of response, with more occupied receptors leading to an increased response.
    • Pharmacokinetics involves the principles that drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body, often correlating with plasma concentration.
    • Blood levels of drugs can provide a measure of drug activity, as increasing xenobiotic levels in blood generally increase the biological effect.
    • The concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration are determined by processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
    • Some drugs may have effects even when not absorbed into the body, such as topical antiseptics applied to the skin to kill bacteria.
    • The processes involved in regulating the biological effects of xenobiotics include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

    Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Drug Administration

    • Effective drugs have potential adverse side effects at high doses
    • Drug therapy aims to achieve desired biological response without causing toxicity
    • The process of drug movement in the body is termed pharmacokinetics
    • Drugs and toxins must have physicochemical properties to enter the bloodstream
    • Streptomycin is an antibiotic not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
    • The movement of xenobiotics around the body can be described by pharmacokinetic models
    • The route of administration may influence the effectiveness of drug action and owner compliance
    • Important factors affecting stratum corneum barrier include molecular weight and lipophilicity
    • Enteral route is a convenient method of giving drugs, especially for oral drugs
    • Advantages of the enteral route include convenience, safety, and varied dosage forms
    • Disadvantages of the enteral route include drug degradation, food effects, and rapid metabolism by the liver
    • Elderly dog owners can be offered heartworm prevention treatment given daily, monthly, or yearly, and orally, topically, or as injections

    Routes of Drug Administration

    • First pass effect involves metabolism by intestinal enzymes and can affect drug absorption.
    • Drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents may not be absorbed effectively.
    • Drug action can be slow when administered orally compared to injectable routes.
    • Some species, like cattle and pigs, find oral drug administration inconvenient.
    • Rectal administration can be erratic in absorption, but it bypasses the liver, making it useful for certain drugs.
    • Different methods, including rectal administration, can be used to give fluids to animals apart from IV administration.
    • Enteric coatings on tablets and capsules can improve drug absorption or reduce side effects.
    • Factors to consider for oral drug dosing in ruminants include inactivation by rumen microflora.
    • Parenteral routes of administration include intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous, among others.
    • Injectable dosage forms provide more rapid and higher peaks in blood drug concentrations.
    • Injectable drugs must be sterile and pyogen free, and they may require sterile apparatus to administer.
    • Intravenous administration provides 100% bioavailability as all the drug enters the circulation unchanged.

    Routes of Drug Administration and Absorption in Veterinary Medicine

    • Intravenous administration is indicated for irritant drugs, rapid response, large volume, and controlled delivery.
    • Intra-arterial injection is used to target high drug concentrations at specific body sites.
    • Intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are common in veterinary practice with differing absorption rates.
    • Inhalation of drugs, like anaesthetics, allows rapid entry into the bloodstream and the brain.
    • Blood-brain barrier structures control drug access to the brain, being compromised in certain conditions.
    • Inhalation therapy in asthmatics aims to limit systemic drug entry and focus on local effects.
    • Physicochemical properties are crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses.
    • Absorption involves moving drugs from the administration site to the bloodstream, with barriers in different routes.
    • Phenylbutazone treatment for lameness in horses requires tracking drug passage from ingestion to the affected joint.
    • Organophosphate poisoning in calves involves toxin movement from skin to the brain through specific cells.
    • Drug passage across cell membranes is influenced by physicochemical properties, concentration gradient, membrane surface area, thickness, time in contact, and permeability.
    • Factors like surface area, membrane thickness, and time in contact influence drug absorption across cell membranes.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in drug action with this quiz. Explore concepts such as drug-receptor interaction, drug effects on cell function, therapeutic mechanisms, and the principles of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Sharpen your knowledge of how drugs achieve clinical outcomes and their impact on the body's biological response.

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