152 Questions
What is the definition of pharmacodynamics?
The study of the mechanism of action of drugs and the biochemical and physiological effects they cause
What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises then excretes drugs?
Pharmacokinetics
What is the definition of xenobiotic?
Any foreign chemical substance
What is the science of drugs including their chemical properties and their effects on the body?
Pharmacology
What is the term for the process of drug movement in the body?
Pharmacokinetics
Which factor affects the stratum corneum barrier?
Molecular weight and lipophilicity
What is an advantage of the enteral route of drug administration?
Convenience, safety, and varied dosage forms
Which route of administration can influence the effectiveness of drug action?
Route of administration
What is the aim of drug therapy?
To achieve desired biological response without causing toxicity
Which factor must drugs and toxins have to enter the bloodstream?
Physicochemical properties
What describes the movement of xenobiotics around the body?
Pharmacokinetic models
What is streptomycin classified as?
An antibiotic not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
What can elderly dog owners be offered for heartworm prevention treatment?
Daily, monthly, or yearly oral, topical, or injectable treatment
What are disadvantages of the enteral route of drug administration?
Drug degradation, food effects, and rapid metabolism by the liver
What is the term for the convenient method of giving drugs, especially for oral drugs?
Enteral route
What affects the effectiveness of drug action and owner compliance?
Route of administration
Which route of drug administration bypasses the liver, making it useful for certain drugs?
Rectal administration
What can enteric coatings on tablets and capsules do to drug absorption or side effects?
Improve drug absorption
What is a factor to consider for oral drug dosing in ruminants?
Inactivation by rumen microflora
Which route of administration provides 100% bioavailability as all the drug enters the circulation unchanged?
Intravenous administration
What can happen to drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents?
They may not be absorbed effectively
Why can rectal administration be useful for certain drugs?
It bypasses the liver
What is a characteristic of injectable dosage forms in terms of blood drug concentrations?
They provide more rapid and higher peaks in blood drug concentrations
Why must injectable drugs be sterile and pyrogen free?
To prevent infection and fever
What does the first pass effect involve?
Metabolism by intestinal enzymes affecting drug absorption
Why can drug action be slow when administered orally compared to injectable routes?
Due to slower absorption in the intestines
What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration for some species like cattle and pigs?
Inconvenience for the animals
Apart from IV administration, what other method can be used to give fluids to animals?
Rectal administration
What is the primary purpose of intravenous administration of drugs in veterinary medicine?
Rapid response and controlled delivery
Which administration route is used to target high drug concentrations at specific body sites?
Intra-arterial injection
What is the primary difference between intramuscular and subcutaneous injections in veterinary practice?
Depth of injection and absorption rates
What is the primary advantage of inhalation of drugs, like anaesthetics, in veterinary medicine?
Rapid entry into the bloodstream and the brain
What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?
Blood-brain barrier structures
What is the primary goal of inhalation therapy in asthmatic animals?
Limit systemic drug entry and focus on local effects
What is crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses?
Physicochemical properties
What does absorption involve in the context of drug administration in veterinary medicine?
Moving drugs from the administration site to the bloodstream
What is required for tracking drug passage for phenylbutazone treatment for lameness in horses?
Tracking drug passage from ingestion to the affected joint
How does toxin movement occur in organophosphate poisoning in calves?
From skin to the brain through specific cells
What influences drug absorption across cell membranes?
Physicochemical properties, concentration gradient, membrane surface area, thickness, time in contact, and permeability
Which factors influence drug absorption across cell membranes?
Surface area, membrane thickness, and time in contact
What does pharmacodynamics refer to?
The mechanisms by which drugs achieve the clinical outcome of anesthesia through drug-receptor interaction and subsequent drug effects.
What are drug effects in pharmacodynamics?
Quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function and can involve inhibition or stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system.
What do drug receptors exhibit?
Specificity, saturable kinetics, and action vs. effect, and can induce the synthesis of specific proteins, regulate ion channels, and influence plasma membrane enzymes upon activation.
What do agonists do in pharmacodynamics?
Stimulate a reaction in the cell by combining with the receptor.
What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?
The number of drug-receptor complexes, with more occupied receptors leading to an increased response.
What does pharmacokinetics involve?
The principles that drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body, often correlating with plasma concentration.
What provides a measure of drug activity in pharmacokinetics?
Blood levels of drugs, as increasing xenobiotic levels in blood generally increase the biological effect.
What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?
Processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?
The study of the mechanism of action of drugs and the biochemical and physiological effects they cause
What is the term for any foreign chemical substance, including drugs and toxins?
Xenobiotic
Which agents are used to depress the parts of the nervous system that regulate pain sensation and motor movement?
Analgesics and general anaesthetics
What is the primary focus of toxicology?
The study of xenobiotics that have a detrimental effect on the body and the pathologies they cause
What is the term for the quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function due to drug effects?
Physicochemical actions
What do drug receptors exhibit?
Specificity and saturable kinetics
What do agonists do in pharmacodynamics?
Combine with the receptor and stimulate a reaction in the cell
What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?
Number of drug-receptor complexes
What is the term for the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?
Pharmacokinetics
What provides a measure of drug activity in pharmacokinetics?
Blood levels of drugs
What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?
Excretion
What are drug effects in pharmacodynamics?
Quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function
What do antagonists do in pharmacodynamics?
Interfere with the receptor but do not elicit a reaction
What is the term for the mechanisms by which drugs achieve the clinical outcome of anesthesia through drug-receptor interaction and subsequent drug effects?
Pharmacodynamics
What is the term for the principles that drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body?
Pharmacokinetics
What are cellular mechanisms of drug action?
Physicochemical and biophysical effects
Which route of drug administration allows rapid entry into the bloodstream and the brain?
Inhalation
What is the primary purpose of intra-arterial injection in veterinary medicine?
To target high drug concentrations at specific body sites
What is the primary goal of inhalation therapy in asthmatic animals?
To limit systemic drug entry and focus on local effects
What is crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses?
Physicochemical properties
What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?
Blood-brain barrier
What is involved in absorption in the context of drug administration in veterinary medicine?
Moving drugs from the administration site to the bloodstream
What is required for tracking drug passage for phenylbutazone treatment for lameness in horses?
Tracing drug movement from ingestion to the affected joint
How does drug passage occur in organophosphate poisoning in calves?
From skin to the brain through specific cells
What influences drug absorption across cell membranes?
Concentration gradient
What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?
Drug concentration in the plasma
What do drug receptors exhibit in pharmacodynamics?
Specificity
What does pharmacodynamics refer to?
Drug effects and their mechanism of action
What is the term for the process of drug movement in the body?
Pharmacokinetics
Which route of administration provides 100% bioavailability as all the drug enters the circulation unchanged?
Intravenous
What must drugs and toxins have to enter the bloodstream?
Appropriate physicochemical properties
What can happen to drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents?
They can be absorbed more readily
What is the primary difference between intramuscular and subcutaneous injections in veterinary practice?
Rate of absorption
What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?
Blood-brain barrier
What do drug receptors exhibit?
High specificity
What is the aim of drug therapy?
To achieve desired biological response without causing toxicity
What is crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses?
Particle size and distribution
What is the term for the convenient method of giving drugs, especially for oral drugs?
Enteral route
What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?
Distribution volume
What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes then excretes drugs?
Pharmacokinetics
What is the primary purpose of enteric coatings on tablets and capsules in drug administration?
To improve drug absorption
Which factor must be considered for oral drug dosing in ruminants?
Inactivation by rumen microflora
What is the primary advantage of parenteral routes of drug administration?
Provide rapid and higher peaks in blood drug concentrations
Which route of drug administration provides 100% bioavailability?
Intravenous
What is the main drawback of rectal administration in drug absorption?
Erratic absorption
What is the primary requirement for injectable drugs in veterinary medicine?
Sterility and freedom from pyrogens
What is the main purpose of using enteric coatings on tablets and capsules?
To protect drugs from acidic environment
What can be a disadvantage of oral drug administration in certain species like cattle and pigs?
Inconvenience
What is the primary drawback of rectal administration despite bypassing the liver?
Erratic absorption
What is the main advantage of injectable dosage forms in terms of blood drug concentrations?
Provide rapid and higher peaks
What is the primary reason for using different methods, including rectal administration, to give fluids to animals apart from IV administration?
Preventing infection and adverse reactions
What is the primary drawback of rectal administration despite bypassing the liver?
Erratic absorption
What is the primary focus of pharmacodynamics?
Studying the mechanism of action of drugs and their effects on cells and tissues
What is the term for any foreign chemical substance?
Xenobiotic
What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?
Pharmacokinetics
What are agents that depress the parts of the nervous system that regulate pain sensation and motor movement termed?
Analgesics and general anaesthetics
Which route of administration may influence the effectiveness of drug action and owner compliance?
Enteral
What factors affect stratum corneum barrier?
Molecular weight and lipophilicity
What are the disadvantages of the enteral route of drug administration?
Drug degradation and food effects
What is the primary drawback of rectal administration in drug absorption?
Low bioavailability
What is the term for the process of drug movement in the body?
Pharmacokinetics
What must drugs and toxins have to enter the bloodstream?
Physicochemical properties
What is the primary purpose of enteric coatings on tablets and capsules in drug administration?
Prevent drug degradation in the stomach
What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes then excretes drugs?
Pharmacokinetics
What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?
Route of administration
What is the term for any foreign chemical substance, including drugs and toxins?
Xenobiotic
What is the primary advantage of parenteral routes of drug administration?
High bioavailability
What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?
Blood-brain barrier
Which route of drug administration bypasses the liver, making it useful for certain drugs?
Rectal administration
What is the primary purpose of enteric coatings on tablets and capsules in drug administration?
To prolong drug action
What is a disadvantage of oral drug administration for some species like cattle and pigs?
Slow drug action
What is the primary drawback of rectal administration despite bypassing the liver?
Erratic drug absorption
What is the main advantage of injectable dosage forms in terms of blood drug concentrations?
Rapid and higher peaks in blood drug concentrations
What must drugs and toxins have to enter the bloodstream?
High water solubility
What is involved in absorption in the context of drug administration in veterinary medicine?
Movement of drugs into the bloodstream
What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?
Blood-brain barrier
What is the primary focus of toxicology?
Adverse effects of drugs and toxins
What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?
Drug concentration at the site of action
What is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?
Pharmacokinetics
What is the definition of pharmacodynamics?
Study of drug interactions with cellular and molecular targets
What are the quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function due to drug effects called?
Pharmacodynamics
Which term describes the process of drug movement in the body?
Pharmacokinetics
What do drug receptors exhibit in pharmacodynamics?
Saturable kinetics
What determines the concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration in pharmacokinetics?
Absorption and excretion
What is the term for the principles that drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body?
Dose-response relationship
What do agonists do in pharmacodynamics?
Stimulate a reaction in the cell by combining with the receptor
What provides a measure of drug activity in pharmacokinetics?
Plasma concentration
What is the term for the process of drug movement in the body?
Pharmacokinetics
What are cellular mechanisms of drug action?
Physicochemical and biophysical effects
What are drug effects in pharmacodynamics?
Quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function
What determines the level of response in pharmacodynamics?
Number of drug-receptor complexes
What is involved in regulating the biological effects of xenobiotics in pharmacokinetics?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
What is the primary purpose of inhalation therapy in asthmatics?
To limit systemic drug entry and focus on local effects
Which factor influences drug absorption across cell membranes?
Concentration gradient
What is crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses?
Physicochemical properties
What is required for tracking drug passage for phenylbutazone treatment for lameness in horses?
Movement from ingestion to the affected joint
What is the term for the process of drug movement from the administration site to the bloodstream?
Absorption
What is the term for the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs?
Pharmacokinetics
What structures control drug access to the brain in veterinary medicine?
Blood-brain barrier structures
Apart from IV administration, what other method can be used to give fluids to animals?
Intramuscular injection
What is the main drawback of rectal administration in drug absorption?
Slow drug action compared to injectable routes
What is the primary advantage of parenteral routes of drug administration?
Rapid response and large volume delivery
What is involved in absorption in the context of drug administration in veterinary medicine?
Moving drugs from the administration site to the bloodstream
Which route of administration is used to target high drug concentrations at specific body sites?
Intra-arterial injection
Study Notes
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics in Drug Action
- Pharmacodynamics refers to the mechanisms by which drugs achieve the clinical outcome of anesthesia through drug-receptor interaction and subsequent drug effects.
- Drug effects are quantitative alterations of pre-existing cell function and can involve inhibition or stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system.
- Drugs may have therapeutic effects through non-cellular mechanisms such as physical effects, chemical reactions, physicochemical actions, and modification of body fluid composition.
- Cellular mechanisms of drug action include physicochemical and biophysical effects, modification of cell membrane structure and function, interference with neurohumoral transmission, enzyme inhibition, and receptor-mediated effects.
- Drug receptors, such as proteins, exhibit specificity, saturable kinetics, and action vs. effect, and can induce the synthesis of specific proteins, regulate ion channels, and influence plasma membrane enzymes upon activation.
- Agonists stimulate a reaction in the cell by combining with the receptor, while antagonists interfere with the receptor but do not elicit a reaction, usually by preventing the binding of an agonist.
- The number of drug-receptor complexes determines the level of response, with more occupied receptors leading to an increased response.
- Pharmacokinetics involves the principles that drug effects on the patient are proportional to the concentration of the drug in the body, often correlating with plasma concentration.
- Blood levels of drugs can provide a measure of drug activity, as increasing xenobiotic levels in blood generally increase the biological effect.
- The concentration of xenobiotic in the plasma and its duration are determined by processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
- Some drugs may have effects even when not absorbed into the body, such as topical antiseptics applied to the skin to kill bacteria.
- The processes involved in regulating the biological effects of xenobiotics include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Drug Administration
- Effective drugs have potential adverse side effects at high doses
- Drug therapy aims to achieve desired biological response without causing toxicity
- The process of drug movement in the body is termed pharmacokinetics
- Drugs and toxins must have physicochemical properties to enter the bloodstream
- Streptomycin is an antibiotic not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
- The movement of xenobiotics around the body can be described by pharmacokinetic models
- The route of administration may influence the effectiveness of drug action and owner compliance
- Important factors affecting stratum corneum barrier include molecular weight and lipophilicity
- Enteral route is a convenient method of giving drugs, especially for oral drugs
- Advantages of the enteral route include convenience, safety, and varied dosage forms
- Disadvantages of the enteral route include drug degradation, food effects, and rapid metabolism by the liver
- Elderly dog owners can be offered heartworm prevention treatment given daily, monthly, or yearly, and orally, topically, or as injections
Routes of Drug Administration
- First pass effect involves metabolism by intestinal enzymes and can affect drug absorption.
- Drugs that do not dissolve in the intestinal contents may not be absorbed effectively.
- Drug action can be slow when administered orally compared to injectable routes.
- Some species, like cattle and pigs, find oral drug administration inconvenient.
- Rectal administration can be erratic in absorption, but it bypasses the liver, making it useful for certain drugs.
- Different methods, including rectal administration, can be used to give fluids to animals apart from IV administration.
- Enteric coatings on tablets and capsules can improve drug absorption or reduce side effects.
- Factors to consider for oral drug dosing in ruminants include inactivation by rumen microflora.
- Parenteral routes of administration include intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous, among others.
- Injectable dosage forms provide more rapid and higher peaks in blood drug concentrations.
- Injectable drugs must be sterile and pyogen free, and they may require sterile apparatus to administer.
- Intravenous administration provides 100% bioavailability as all the drug enters the circulation unchanged.
Routes of Drug Administration and Absorption in Veterinary Medicine
- Intravenous administration is indicated for irritant drugs, rapid response, large volume, and controlled delivery.
- Intra-arterial injection is used to target high drug concentrations at specific body sites.
- Intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are common in veterinary practice with differing absorption rates.
- Inhalation of drugs, like anaesthetics, allows rapid entry into the bloodstream and the brain.
- Blood-brain barrier structures control drug access to the brain, being compromised in certain conditions.
- Inhalation therapy in asthmatics aims to limit systemic drug entry and focus on local effects.
- Physicochemical properties are crucial in designing inhalation dosage forms for allergic rhinitis in horses.
- Absorption involves moving drugs from the administration site to the bloodstream, with barriers in different routes.
- Phenylbutazone treatment for lameness in horses requires tracking drug passage from ingestion to the affected joint.
- Organophosphate poisoning in calves involves toxin movement from skin to the brain through specific cells.
- Drug passage across cell membranes is influenced by physicochemical properties, concentration gradient, membrane surface area, thickness, time in contact, and permeability.
- Factors like surface area, membrane thickness, and time in contact influence drug absorption across cell membranes.
Test your understanding of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in drug action with this quiz. Explore concepts such as drug-receptor interaction, drug effects on cell function, therapeutic mechanisms, and the principles of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Sharpen your knowledge of how drugs achieve clinical outcomes and their impact on the body's biological response.
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