Router Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a default gateway in a network?

  • To assign IP addresses to hosts on a network
  • To filter incoming traffic from remote networks
  • To route traffic out to other networks (correct)
  • To route traffic within a local network

    • What is the purpose of a default gateway address in a host's routing table?

  • To create a default route for sending packets to remote networks (correct)
  • To configure the host's IP address
  • To specify the IP address of a remote network
  • To provide a backup route for network traffic

    • How does a host typically obtain its default gateway address?

  • Through a static routing table
  • Through manual configuration by a network administrator
  • Through a dynamic routing protocol
  • Through DHCP or manual configuration (correct)

    • What is the relationship between a default gateway and a router?

    <p>A default gateway is the router that routes traffic out of a local network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a host's routing table in relation to the default gateway?

    <p>The routing table specifies the IP address of the default gateway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a host needs to send a packet to a remote network?

    <p>The host sends the packet to the default gateway, which routes it to the remote network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a router's routing table?

    <p>To determine the best path for packet forwarding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of route is used when a router does not have a specific route to a destination in its routing table?

    <p>Default route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a router use the exit-interface in the route?

    <p>To forward packets to the next router or the final destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of routes are configured manually or learned through a dynamic routing protocol?

    <p>Remote routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a router's packet forwarding decision?

    <p>To determine the best path for packet forwarding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of directly-connected routes in a router's routing table?

    <p>Active router interfaces configured with IP addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a router receives a packet destined for a remote network?

    <p>The router looks at its routing table to determine where to forward the packet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a router in the network?

    <p>To determine the best path for packet forwarding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of adding an IP header to the transport layer segment?

    <p>To enable the services at different layers to scale without affecting other layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol is responsible for tracking and managing the flow of packets?

    <p>TCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of IP as a connectionless protocol?

    <p>No dedicated end-to-end connection is created before data is sent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6?

    <p>IPv4 is an older version, while IPv6 is a newer version</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of IP's low overhead design?

    <p>It enables the services at different layers to scale without affecting other layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of routers in implementing network layer protocols?

    <p>Routers implement different network layer protocols concurrently over a network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is similar to the process of sending an IP packet to a destination?

    <p>Sending a letter through snail mail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of encapsulating the transport layer segment with an IP header?

    <p>To enable the delivery of a packet from the source to a destination host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason behind the creation of Network Address Translation (NAT)?

    <p>To share a single IPv4 address among devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of unique public IPv4 addresses available?

    <p>About 4 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of IPv4 in terms of network connectivity?

    <p>Lack of end-to-end connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the IETF start looking for a replacement for IPv4?

    <p>In the early 1990s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with IPv4 in terms of address depletion?

    <p>The number of available addresses is limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between NAT and IPv6?

    <p>NAT is a temporary solution to extend the life of IPv4 until IPv6 is widely adopted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of NAT on network complexity?

    <p>It increases network complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of IPv6?

    <p>To provide end-to-end connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command can be used to display the routing table on a Windows host?

    <p>netstat -r</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of addresses are listed in the IPv4 Route Table section of the routing table?

    <p>IPv4 addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is added during encapsulation at OSI Layer 3?

    <p>Source and destination IP addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of IPv6 that enhances its functionality over IPv4?

    <p>The IPv6 header is simpler than the IPv4 header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field in an IPv4 packet header typically changes during its transmission?

    <p>Time-to-Live</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Hop Limit field in an IPv6 packet header?

    <p>To determine if a packet has expired and should be dropped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Interface List section of the routing table?

    <p>To list the MAC addresses and assigned interface numbers of network interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses?

    <p>IPv6 addresses are based on 128-bit flat addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Router Packet Forwarding Decision

    • A router examines the packet's destination IP address to determine where to forward the packet.
    • The router searches for a best match between the packet's destination IP address and the network address in the routing table.
    • Using the exit-interface in the route, the packet is forwarded to the next router or the final destination.

    Router Routing Tables

    • A router's routing table contains:
      • Directly-connected routes: These routes come from the active router interfaces configured with IP addresses.
      • Remote routes: These routes come from remote networks connected to other routers, either configured manually or learned through a dynamic routing protocol.
      • Default route: This is where the packet is sent when a route does not exist in the routing table.

    IP Routing Table

    • A host's routing table usually includes a default gateway address, which is the router IP address for the network that the host is on.
    • Having a default gateway configured creates a default route in the routing table of a host, which is the route the computer will send a packet to when it needs to contact a remote network.

    How a Host Routes

    • The default gateway is the network device that can route traffic out to other networks.
    • When a host sends a packet to a destination host that is not on the same local network, the packet is sent to the default gateway, which knows where to send the packet using its routing table.
    • The sending host does not need to know where to send the packet other than to the default gateway.

    Network Layer Protocols

    • There are several network layer protocols, but the most commonly implemented are:
      • Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
      • Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

    Characteristics of the IP Protocol

    • IP encapsulates the transport layer segment by adding an IP header for the purpose of delivery to the destination host.
    • The IP header stays the same from the source to the destination host.
    • IP is a connectionless protocol, meaning no dedicated end-to-end connection is created before data is sent.
    • IP provides only the functions required to deliver a packet from the source to a destination.
    • IP was not designed to track and manage the flow of packets; these functions are performed by other layers, primarily TCP.

    IPv4 and IPv6 Packets

    • IPv4 packet header includes fields such as ID, Offset, Flags, etc.
    • IPv6 packet header is simpler than the IPv4 header, which improves packet handling.
    • IPv6 addresses are based on 128-bit flat addressing, whereas IPv4 is based on 32-bit hierarchical addressing.

    Limitations of IPv4

    • IPv4 has a limited number of unique public IPv4 addresses available.
    • Lack of end-to-end connectivity due to Network Address Translation (NAT) can cause problems for technologies that require end-to-end connectivity.
    • NAT increases network complexity, creating latency and making troubleshooting more difficult.

    Introducing IPv6

    • IPv6 was developed as a replacement for IPv4 due to its limitations.
    • IPv6 addresses the limitations of IPv4, including IP address depletion and lack of end-to-end connectivity.

    Host Routing Tables

    • On a Windows host, you can display the routing table using commands such as route print or netstat -r.
    • The routing table includes three sections:
      • Interface List: Lists the Media Access Control (MAC) address and assigned interface number of network interfaces on the host.
      • IPv4 Route Table: Lists all known IPv4 routes.
      • IPv6 Route Table: Lists all known IPv6 routes.

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    Description

    Learn about the basics of routing, including how routers examine packet destinations, search for matches in routing tables, and forward packets to their final destinations.

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