Roughages Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are roughages?

  • Low fiber feeds
  • Bulky feeds high in fiber, low in energy (correct)
  • Animal protein sources
  • Concentrated carbohydrates

    • Roughages are used mainly by what kind of animals?

    Ruminant and nonruminant herbivorous animals

    Nutrients in roughages are made available by what?

    Microbial digestion

    What are types of roughages for feed?

    <p>Pasture, hay and dehydrated forage, silage, crop residues, by-products (straw, hulls, etc.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are forages?

    <p>Plants grown or used specifically for feeding animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forages are mostly what?

    <p>Grasses or legumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Major component of forages?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is composed entirely of?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only use of cellulose in human food?

    <p>Through meat and milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roughages contain high amounts of what?

    <p>Plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What estimates the cell wall content of a feedstuff?

    <p>The NDF fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the materials in the cell wall?

    <p>Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, silica, lignin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are in the cell contents of forages?

    <p>Chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus, interior vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the structural strength of cell wall?

    <p>Cellulose and lignin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cellulose molecules in rodlike chains that form bundles of fibers?

    <p>Microfibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is in the cell wall matrix?

    <p>Hemicellulose and pectins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemicellulose?

    <p>Complex carbs containing mixtures of sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The carbs in hemicellulose?

    <p>Xylans, mannans, galactans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sugars contained in xylans, mannans, galactans?

    <p>Xylose, mannose, galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The matrix of cell wall forms what?

    <p>Viscous gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As cell growth decreases, what happens to matrix?

    <p>It becomes permeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that happens as cell growth decreases?

    <p>Lignification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nutritional value of forages depend on?

    <p>Proportions of cell contents and cell wall constituents and degree of lignification of cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As lignin content increases, digestibility?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nutrients in forages?

    <p>Nitrogen, Carbs, Minerals, Vitamins, Deleterious factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    2 sources of nitrogen?

    <p>Proteins, NPN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major protein?

    <p>Chloroplast protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a high-quality protein?

    <p>Leaf proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 3 NPNs?

    <p>Amino acids, nitrates, ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nonstructural carbohydrates?

    <p>Starches, fructosans, simple sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are structural carbs?

    <p>Cell wall components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kind of carbs are readily fermented in the rumen?

    <p>Nonstructural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are B vitamins high in roughages?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do herbivores get B vitamins from?

    <p>Microbial fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Green forages are a good source of what?

    <p>Vitamin E and beta-carotene (Vit A precursor)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are deleterious factors?

    <p>Alkaloids, glycosides, toxic amino acids, mycotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is proximate analysis accurate for roughages?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a better system for forage analysis?

    <p>Van Soest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Van Soest system?

    <p>Boiling a sample in detergent solution to solubilize proteins, sugars, minerals, starch, pectins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the detergent insoluble fraction?

    <p>Fibrous cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 Van Soest procedures?

    <p>Neutral detergent fiber, Acid detergent fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NDF does what?

    <p>Solubilizes proteins and dissolves minerals, sugars, pectins, starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Roughages Overview

    • Roughages are bulky feeds characterized by high fiber content and low energy levels.
    • Primarily consumed by herbivorous animals, both ruminant and nonruminant.

    Nutritional Aspects

    • Nutrients from roughages become accessible through microbial digestion.
    • Major nutrient component of roughages includes plant cell walls, primarily cellulose.

    Types of Roughages

    • Common types include pasture, hay, dehydrated forage, silage, crop residues, and by-products such as straw and hulls.

    Forages Definition

    • Forages refer to plants specifically cultivated for animal feed, usually consisting of grasses or legumes.

    Plant Cell Wall Composition

    • Cell walls primarily consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, silica, and lignin.
    • Cellulose molecules are structured into microfibrils, which provide strength and form fibrous bundles.

    Importance of Cellulose and Lignin

    • Cellulose and lignin are crucial for structural integrity of plant cell walls.
    • Nutritional value of forages is influenced by the proportions of cell contents, wall constituents, and degree of lignification.

    Digestibility and Nutrient Profiles

    • Higher lignin content correlates with decreased digestibility in animals.
    • Nutritional components in forages include nitrogen, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and potentially harmful substances.

    Nitrogen Sources

    • Nitrogen mainly comes from proteins and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources like amino acids, nitrates, and ammonia.
    • Chloroplast proteins are identified as the primary protein source in forages.

    Carbohydrates in Forages

    • Nonstructural carbohydrates, such as starches and simple sugars, are quickly fermented in the rumen.
    • Structural carbohydrates constitute the cell wall components.

    Vitamins in Forages

    • Forages are rich in B vitamins, which are sourced from microbial fermentation during digestion.
    • Green forages also provide Vitamin E and beta-carotene, the precursor to Vitamin A.

    Deleterious Factors

    • Roughages may contain harmful substances like alkaloids, glycosides, toxic amino acids, and mycotoxins.

    Analytical Methods

    • Proximate analysis is inadequate for characterizing roughages due to its inability to accurately separate carbohydrate fractions.
    • The Van Soest system is preferred, involving the boiling of samples in detergent solution to isolate various components.

    Van Soest System Procedures

    • Key procedures include Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), which help measure fibrous cell wall content and other fractions.

    Summary

    • Ensuring proper analysis and understanding of roughages is essential for optimizing animal nutrition and health.

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    Test your knowledge about roughages with these flashcards. Learn what kinds of feeds they are, the animals that use them, and how nutrients are made available through microbial digestion. Perfect for students in animal nutrition or veterinary science.

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