Rootstocks and Pollination of Apple Trees

What is the significance of rootstocks in fruit and nut trees?

Which rootstock provides trees that are typically dwarf in size?

How does the vigor of rootstock affect the ultimate size of a tree?

What percentage size does the rootstock M.7, G.30 correspond to?

Which of the following rootstocks has the lowest growth size potential?

What does a higher number associated with rootstocks indicate?

In the context of rootstock selection, what is primarily focused on?

Which of the following statements is true regarding planting a wide range of fruit varieties?

Which cherry varieties are known to be self-fruitful?

Which apple variety does NOT set its own fruit with its own pollen?

What is a common requirement for most apple varieties to set fruit?

Which of the following apple varieties is a known self-fruitful variety?

Which cherry variety requires pollen from another variety for successful fruit set?

Which of these peach varieties is known to mature in August?

Which varieties of cherries are identified as tart (pie) cherries?

Which of the following statements about apple pollination is accurate?

What is the main purpose of cutting a bouquet of blooms from another variety and placing it beside the tree?

What is the recommended spacing for apple trees in high-density planting?

What can be a consequence of planting trees too closely together?

Which soil condition is most conducive for orchard tree growth?

What is the minimum soil depth needed for proper root development in fruit trees?

Where should the graft union be positioned when planting a fruit tree?

What is one potential problem caused by overapplication of nitrogen in fruit trees?

What is a significant benefit of planting dwarf trees on trellises?

Which apple variety is described as having excellent applesauce quality but is not as tart as Lodi?

What color are the skins of the Dayton apple variety?

Which apple variety is noted for being extremely crisp and sweet-flavored, making it a favorite for children?

Which variety of apple is characterized by a firm texture and being very susceptible to black rot?

What is the primary characteristic of the Jonafree apple in comparison to Jonathan?

Which apple variety has a high resistance rating across multiple disease categories?

Which apple variety is characterized by its light to medium red skin and sprightly flavor?

Which apple variety is described as having a significant problem with corkspot?

What is the primary harvest month for the Spartan apple variety?

Which variety stores well until March and is noted for its firm, crisp texture?

What is the purpose of painting the trunk with a white, water-based latex paint?

How should the hole for planting a tree be prepared before placing the roots?

What is a common mistake home orchardists make regarding the application of phosphorus and potassium?

What is one of the best methods to protect fruit trees from deer?

What is the significance of boron for fruit trees?

Which method is suggested for applying boron to a fruit tree?

What effect can occur from too much phosphorus and potassium in the soil?

What can be done to protect newly planted trees from small animals?

Dwarf rootstocks are typically selected by home orchardists to grow standard-sized trees.

Gisela rootstocks produce trees that are 50 percent the size of Mazzard seedlings.

Cherry trees in Kentucky are primarily grown on new dwarf rootstocks that have been developed.

MxM2 rootstock corresponds to 75 to 85 percent of the growth size of Mazzard.

Dwarf trees grown on trellises should be supported by poles or stakes.

High vigor apple varieties are generally not compatible with dwarf rootstocks.

New research has provided more choices for growth-controlling rootstocks.

Most of the Gisela rootstocks produce trees larger than Mazzard seedlings.

Apple trees should typically be spaced less than six feet apart in high-density planting.

Dwarf fruit trees can be planted closer together than standard-sized trees.

Soil needs at least six feet above an impenetrable layer for proper root development in orchard trees.

Overapplication of nitrogen can cause excessive growth in fruit trees and lead to physiological problems.

The graft union of a fruit tree should be planted below ground for optimal growth.

Placing a bouquet of blooms from another variety next to a fruit tree can help with pollination.

Tightly spaced trees do not require additional pruning to remain productive.

It is generally beneficial for fruit trees to be planted in shaded areas to limit water loss.

Thinning peaches to about ten to twelve inches from one another is ideal for their growth.

The period of cell division for apples lasts five to six weeks after petal fall.

Early thinning of blossoms or fruit can discourage flower initiation for the next year’s crop.

Pears form flower buds earlier than apples and can be thinned within 30 days of full bloom.

The best method to determine when fruit is ready to pick is by measuring its sugar content.

Fruit continues to ripen after it has been harvested and placed in cold storage.

Cell division in pears lasts for a period of four to five weeks after petal fall.

Apples initiate flower buds for the next year’s crop within 60 days of full bloom.

Peaches require winter sprays to control peach leaf curl.

The codling moth typically produces five generations per year.

Chlorothalonil is effective against brown-rot blossom blight.

Larvae of the codling moth can enter fruit within 20 days after eggs hatch.

Fungal spores causing brown-rot blossom blight are primarily spread by animals.

Blossom sprays should be applied only at the full bloom stage.

Fruit mummies are the source of fungal spores that affect fruit trees.

Twigs can be infected by fungi traveling from infected blossoms.

Fruit ripening occurs when the ground color of the fruit changes from green to blue.

Cell enlargement in fruit development occurs during the cell-division phase.

Thinning fruit can negatively influence fruit enlargement.

Storing fruit at high temperatures helps extend its shelf life.

Bruises and wounds on fruit can allow pathogens to infect adjacent fruits.

The 'tight cluster' stage occurs after the 'white bud' stage in apple development.

In the dormant stage, fruit trees like apples and pears have no cellular activity.

A 90% kill of peach buds occurs at 23° F during the third stage.

The bloom stage of fruit development is characterized by the fruit's petals falling off.

Fruits can continue to enlarge throughout their entire growth period.

The 'fruit set' stage occurs after the 'bloom' stage in fruit development.

The 'pink' stage signifies that the fruit is fully matured and ready for harvest.

Apple buds can withstand lower temperatures compared to peach buds in terms of survival rate.

In fruit development, sweet and tart cherries enter the dormant stage at the same time.

Growing tree fruits or nuts can provide a great deal of ______, but it requires year-round care.

When planning your orchard, choose varieties that not only are family favorites but are also easy to ______.

Researchers in England developed the ______ series of dwarf rootstocks.

The most vigorous apple rootstocks are ______, which are simply sprouted apple seeds.

Dwarf trees are always the best choice for home ______.

Many apple varieties require good conditions for ______ to take place.

Dwarf rootstocks can help ______ trees that are easier to manage for home growers.

Cold hardiness is an important characteristic for ensuring the survival of trees in ______ regions.

The ultimate size of a tree depends on the vigor of both the rootstock and the ______.

Rootstock M.27 is expected to grow to ______ percent of a tree on seedling rootstock.

Each rootstock series is identified by the letter 'M' (for Malling) or 'MM' (for Malling ______).

The size of a tree could range from ______ (4 to 12 feet) to semidwarf (16 to 18 feet).

Higher numbers associated with rootstocks typically represent ______ trees.

Not all recommended varieties are included in the ______ in this chapter.

The vigor ratings can help determine how big a tree will ______.

Nearly all fruit- and nut-tree varieties are grafted to a genetically different ______, called a rootstock.

Megietsu, Lapins, Black Gold, and Sweetheart are self-fruitful sweet varieties of ______.

Most varieties of ______ do not set fruit unless they are pollinated by another pollen-compatible variety.

The variety Red Delicious does not set its own fruit with its own pollen but can set fruit on ______.

Some sweet cherries do not set fruit unless they are pollinated by another ______ variety.

Glowing Star requires an early-blooming ______ such as Lodi for successful pollination.

Some apple varieties, such as ______ Beauty, are self-fruitful and can set fruit on their own.

The variety called ______ is known to produce fruit on other apple varieties but does not set its own.

Hedelfingen is pollinated by ______ or Sweetheart to ensure proper fruit set.

Most gardeners use a complete fertilizer that includes nitrogen, ______, and potassium.

To reflect sunlight and help prevent sunburn, paint the trunk with a white, water-based indoor latex ______.

An easy source of boron for fruit trees is ______.

Fencing is considered the best method for protection against ______.

If fertilizers are used every year, phosphorus and potassium levels can build up far in ______ of the tree’s actual need.

Dig a hole large enough to comfortably accommodate the tree's ______ system.

Roots should be placed over a low mound of soil in the ______.

Trees that are low in boron exhibit poor shoot growth and poor ______ set.

Pheromones are chemical messengers used by animals to ______ with each other.

Spray 15 to 21 days after ______ fall for the first generation.

The level of damage considered acceptable can vary from one ______ to another.

Dormant (Winter) sprays are used to control overwintering ______, aphids, and scales.

Most home orchardists try to control pests with a dormant oil spray, which essentially ______ the pests.

The UK Cooperative Extension publication provides a more in-depth discussion of ______.

Use a sticker, unless the label says not to. Stickers improve the spray's ______ to leaves.

Learning the life cycles of important insects and diseases that may ______ your orchard is part of IPM.