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Questions and Answers
What is a notable feature of Cefalu Cathedral in Sicily?
What is a notable feature of Cefalu Cathedral in Sicily?
- Circular stained window
- Pointed arch (correct)
- Leaned tower
- Blind arcades
Which feature is commonly associated with the Monreale Cathedral in Sicily?
Which feature is commonly associated with the Monreale Cathedral in Sicily?
- Symmetrical design
- Numerous bell towers
- Localize design of columns (correct)
- Stone arches
What is a characteristic of Pisa Cathedral in Central Italy?
What is a characteristic of Pisa Cathedral in Central Italy?
- Pointed arches
- Marble exterior (correct)
- No bell tower
- Flat roof design
What architectural style is represented by the structures in Northern France?
What architectural style is represented by the structures in Northern France?
Which architectural feature is absent in Northern France?
Which architectural feature is absent in Northern France?
What was the objective of architecture during the period of the Carolingian dynasty?
What was the objective of architecture during the period of the Carolingian dynasty?
Which of the following is a special feature of Pisa Cathedral?
Which of the following is a special feature of Pisa Cathedral?
Which of the following features are NOT found in the architecture of Northern France?
Which of the following features are NOT found in the architecture of Northern France?
What is a tympanum in Romanesque architecture?
What is a tympanum in Romanesque architecture?
Which feature is characteristic of Romanesque architecture?
Which feature is characteristic of Romanesque architecture?
What is the primary influence on the development of Romanesque architecture?
What is the primary influence on the development of Romanesque architecture?
Which of the following describes a colonette?
Which of the following describes a colonette?
What is an ambulatory in Romanesque architecture?
What is an ambulatory in Romanesque architecture?
Which element is NOT typically associated with Romanesque architecture?
Which element is NOT typically associated with Romanesque architecture?
What role did feudalism play in Romanesque architecture?
What role did feudalism play in Romanesque architecture?
What defines the term 'voussoir' in the context of Romanesque architecture?
What defines the term 'voussoir' in the context of Romanesque architecture?
Which architectural feature is characteristic of the Cluny Abbey period?
Which architectural feature is characteristic of the Cluny Abbey period?
What type of cathedral was the Worms Cathedral recognized as during Romanesque architecture?
What type of cathedral was the Worms Cathedral recognized as during Romanesque architecture?
Which material was commonly used in the monastic system of the Middle Ages?
Which material was commonly used in the monastic system of the Middle Ages?
What is a defining characteristic of Gothic architecture?
What is a defining characteristic of Gothic architecture?
Which architectural style is represented by the two-tower facade?
Which architectural style is represented by the two-tower facade?
What was the purpose of the celestory in Gothic architecture?
What was the purpose of the celestory in Gothic architecture?
Which term refers to the projecting decoration typically found in Gothic architecture?
Which term refers to the projecting decoration typically found in Gothic architecture?
What type of roof is used to maximize elevation and water drainage in Gothic buildings?
What type of roof is used to maximize elevation and water drainage in Gothic buildings?
What characteristic do chains in domes provide?
What characteristic do chains in domes provide?
What was the role of Brunelleschi in architectural history?
What was the role of Brunelleschi in architectural history?
Which architectural innovation is attributed to Brunelleschi?
Which architectural innovation is attributed to Brunelleschi?
What does the herringbone brick pattern refer to?
What does the herringbone brick pattern refer to?
What is a defining feature of the 'School of Athens'?
What is a defining feature of the 'School of Athens'?
What is the role of a flying buttress in gothic architecture?
What is the role of a flying buttress in gothic architecture?
Which term refers to a circular stained window often found in gothic cathedrals?
Which term refers to a circular stained window often found in gothic cathedrals?
What characteristic distinguishes High Gothic architecture from Early Gothic architecture?
What characteristic distinguishes High Gothic architecture from Early Gothic architecture?
What is a defining feature of Venetian Gothic architecture?
What is a defining feature of Venetian Gothic architecture?
In Renaissance architecture, what is a fundamental characteristic of facades?
In Renaissance architecture, what is a fundamental characteristic of facades?
Which artist is well known for the fresco 'The Last Supper'?
Which artist is well known for the fresco 'The Last Supper'?
What architectural feature is an ogive or ogee arch characterized by?
What architectural feature is an ogive or ogee arch characterized by?
Which architectural element is commonly used in rib vaulting?
Which architectural element is commonly used in rib vaulting?
Who was the famous architect credited with the design of the dome of Florence Cathedral?
Who was the famous architect credited with the design of the dome of Florence Cathedral?
Which characteristic is NOT commonly associated with late gothic architecture?
Which characteristic is NOT commonly associated with late gothic architecture?
What does the term 'Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore' refer to?
What does the term 'Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore' refer to?
What was a primary focus of Leon Battista Alberti in his architectural theories?
What was a primary focus of Leon Battista Alberti in his architectural theories?
What type of arcs typically support arcades in Renaissance architecture?
What type of arcs typically support arcades in Renaissance architecture?
What does the term 'finial' refer to in architectural contexts?
What does the term 'finial' refer to in architectural contexts?
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Study Notes
Romanesque Architecture
- Characterized by symmetrical, Roman-like designs (800-1100 AD).
- Key architectural terms:
- Spandrel: triangular space in arches.
- Archivolts: layering of arches.
- Colonette: multiple slender columns.
- Voussoir: wedge-shaped stones forming arches.
- Tympanum: half-circle space above doors, often adorned with reliefs.
- Trumeau: central post in doors that supports the structure.
Historical Context
- Emerged in Western Europe during the early Middle Ages, after the fall of the Roman Empire.
- Synonymous with the Dark Ages, where the Church replaced civic governments as the main power.
Influences on Architecture
- Geographical and geological factors alongside climate affected regional styles.
- Strong religious influence, especially notable during Charlemagne's rule.
- Feudal society shaped architectural needs and forms.
Romanesque Architectural Styles
- Features prominent round arches, thick walls, small windows, and barrel vaults.
- Facades typically oriented towards the west, with various decorative types like the Lombard band (cornice decor).
Typologies
- Common structures include:
- Churches: typically built in a basilica layout resembling a Latin cross.
- Ambulatory: enclosed walkway for movement.
- Campanile: separate bell towers often near churches.
Regional Variations
- Southern Italy & Sicily: Notable for vibrant painting and pointed arches.
- France (Carolingian Architecture): Early Romanesque styles linked to the Frankish dynasty.
- Central Italy: Pisa Cathedral highlights features like the leaning tower and baptistery.
- Japan's Lombard Architecture: Focus on stylized arcades and pointed domes.
Architectural Developments
- Germany (Ottonian Architecture): Worms Cathedral showcases the highest cathedral design of this period.
- England (Norman Architecture): Characterized by two-tower facades and geometric ornamentation.
The Crusades and Architecture
- Series of military campaigns influencing architectural styles across Christendom.
Gothic Architecture Era
- Transition to Gothic architecture starts around 1140 AD, noted for more elaborate and vertical designs.
- Key features include flying buttresses, rib vaulting, and structural innovations like pointed arches to enhance support and light.
Renaissance Architecture
- Originated in Florence, Italy, emphasizing classical symmetry and proportion.
- Prominent figures include Filippo Brunelleschi and Donato Bramante, pushing architectural boundaries with innovative designs.
Key Renaissance Concepts
- Introduction of centralized plans, cornices, and arches.
- Evolved concepts of light and space using lightweight materials and true arches without reliance on extensive supports.
Famous Renaissance Artists
- Leonardo da Vinci: Known for "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper."
- Michelangelo: Esteemed for his sculptures, including "David."
- Raphael: Famous for "School of Athens," merging classical themes with Renaissance ideals.
Structural Architecture Features
- Geometry in dome designs creates stability.
- The use of lightweight bricks and chains to support dome roofs effectively.
Notable Architectural Works
- Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore known for its vast dome designed by Brunelleschi.
- Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence as a notable example of early Renaissance civic architecture.
Advanced Techniques
- Development of innovative lifting machines and efficient bracing for dome construction facilitated by Brunelleschi.
Renaissance Characteristics
- Architectures featured simplicity, balanced proportions, and a stark departure from previous non-classical styles.
- The adoption of classical Roman elements creating a harmonious blend in architectural designs.
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