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Questions and Answers
Which of the following was NOT a key component of Hannibal's army during his invasion of Italy?
Which of the following was NOT a key component of Hannibal's army during his invasion of Italy?
What was the primary reason Hannibal's plan to cause a mass panic and uprising in Rome and its allies failed?
What was the primary reason Hannibal's plan to cause a mass panic and uprising in Rome and its allies failed?
What was the primary reason the Romans were able to defeat the Hellenistic phalanx formations?
What was the primary reason the Romans were able to defeat the Hellenistic phalanx formations?
What was the primary role of the Numidian cavalry in the Carthaginian army?
What was the primary role of the Numidian cavalry in the Carthaginian army?
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What was the primary impact of the Roman naval victory in the First Punic War?
What was the primary impact of the Roman naval victory in the First Punic War?
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Which of the following statements about the Carthaginian army is not true?
Which of the following statements about the Carthaginian army is not true?
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Who were the generals of the Roman army?
Who were the generals of the Roman army?
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Which of the following statements about Pyrrhus is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about Pyrrhus is NOT true?
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What was the cause of the First Punic War?
What was the cause of the First Punic War?
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What was the relationship between the Consuls and the military tribunes?
What was the relationship between the Consuls and the military tribunes?
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Who commanded the contingents of allies in the Roman army?
Who commanded the contingents of allies in the Roman army?
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What was the origin of the city of Carthage?
What was the origin of the city of Carthage?
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Study Notes
Roman Military Structure
- Two Consuls served as generals of the Roman army
- Magistrates of the imperium had the power to command armies
- Commander in chief had a staff of military tribunes (24 and 6 for each legion)
- Below senior officers were centurions with optiones
- Contingents of allies were commanded by the “Praefecti sociorum” appointed by the Consuls
Pyrrhus and the War with Rome
- Pyrrhus was a Hellenistic King notorious for his tactics, including using elephants in battle
- Pyrrhus was first called into battle by the Greek polis Tarras, which was in conflict with Rome
- Pyrrhus defeated Rome, then marched on the city, but was eventually defeated and left to take the throne of Macedon
The First Punic War
- The conflict in Sicily escalated into the First Punic War (264-241 BCE)
- The war was fought between Rome and Carthage, with Carthage controlling vast territories in Western Mediterranean, Southern Spain, and North Africa
Carthage and its Army
- The Carthaginian army consisted of mercenaries and troops from African subjects, as well as Numidian cavalry
- Generals were elected from Carthage elites and had great personal power and autonomy
- Carthaginian citizens made up the navy
Roman Naval Power
- The First Punic War forced Rome to become a great naval power
- The Corvus was a popular ship type with a boarding bridge
- Many Roman ships had rams, as seen in the image from Aegates Islands (Egadi today)
Birth of Roman Provincial System
- Roman naval victory secured Sicily and the coast of Sardinia and Corsica in the First Punic War
- These territories became provinces and were subject to tax and possession of the Roman people
- Roman officials were sent to oversee tax collection, maintain order, and defend territory
The Second Punic War
- Hannibal invaded Italy from Spain, crossing the Alps, and defeated Roman armies
- Hannibal's plan was to cause a mass panic and uprising in Rome and its allies
- His army consisted of Libyans, Iberians, Gauls, and Numidian cavalry
- Hannibal promised Roman allies independence and freedom, but most remained loyal to Rome
Scipio and the Fall of Carthage
- Scipio launched a counteroffensive against Carthage and destroyed all the armies in Carthage while Hannibal was away
- Hannibal was recalled from Italy but lost the final battle of Zama in 202 BCE
- Scipio took the title of Africanus after the victory
Roman Intervention in the East
- King Phillip V of Macedon allied himself with Carthage in a bid for power
- The Romans stopped Phillip and accepted the terms of appeal
- The end of the era of the phalanx, as the Romans were able to easily defeat Hellenistic armies
- Hellenistic Kingdoms realized that the phalanx was outdated and had to re-organize their armies
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Description
Explore the hierarchical structure of the Roman army, including the roles of Consuls, military tribunes, centurions, and Praefecti sociorum. Learn about the command system under the leadership of the two Consuls and the organization of different military units.
