36 Questions
Name a few important roles of fats in the body
enzyme storage, body insulation, maintenance of bile secretion, steroid hormone production, structure of cell membranes, metabolic regulation
What are triacylglycerols
Triglycerides are the main component of body fat and they constitute the major storage form of fat in fat cells (adipocytes)
What is the role of triacylglycerol formation in the body?
Energy storage
Describe esterification
it is the formation of triacyglycerols
where does triacylglycerol formation and breakdown occur?
in the cytosol of adipocytes
Why would an increase in esterification occur?
It would occur following a meal as food absorption increases blood levels of fatty acids and glucose and relatively high levels of circulating insulin facilitate triacylglycerol synthesis
describe and explain lipolysis
Is the breakdown of triacylglycerols to yeild glycerol and the energy-rich fatty acid molecules
What is the body purpose of going through lipolysis?
to yeild fatty acids for energy
Under which conditions do mobilization of fatty acids via lipolysis occur?
all of the above
What are the 4 main functions of phospholipids?
- Interacting with both water and lipid to modulate fluid movement across cell membranes
- Maintaining the structural integrity of the cell 3.Playing an important roll in blood clotting
- Providing structural integrity to the insulating sheath that surrounds nerve fibers
What are lipoproteins made of and where are they formed?
They are formed primarily in the liver and are made when a protein molecule joins with either triacylglyerols or phospholipids
What is the major role of lipoproteins?
They provide the major avenue for transporting lipids in the blood
What is the issue with having a high LDLs blood concentration?
They have the greatest affinity for cells of the arterial wall. LDLs deliver cholesterol to arterial wall where the LDL particles contribute to plaque development and smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Match the definition to the name
Apolipoproteins = provides structural integrity to lipoproteins and presses functional roles such as activating or inhibiting enzymes and serving as ligands for receptors Cholesterol = it is a lipid that is an essential component of cell membranes and several vital substances, including bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D. Triglycerides = are important blood lipids and major carriers of energy containing fatty acids Lipoproteins = are lipid-protein complexes that transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
Role of HDLs
Harvests cholesterol from plaque and delivers it to the liver
Role of LDLs
responsible for the delivery of cholesterol to tissues throughout the body including atherosclerotic plaque
What is secondary dyslipidaemia
usually results from metabolic dysfunction that arises from the accumulation of ectopic fat, insulin resistance, diabetes, hyperthyroidism and renal insufficiency.
Activities of the reverse cholesterol transport system is reflected by which of the following
HDLs
Which of the following indicated lower risk of CVD?
Elevated HDLs
Which of the following is the primary target of statin medications?
LDLS
Niacin is also known as what?
B3
How long does it take following a meal for blood triglycerides levels to return to normal?
6-8hrs
When taking a statin medication, patients should avoid what?
grapefruit
Which of the following is true regarding hypercholesterolaemia patients?
Higher likelihood of presenting with CVD symptoms
Statin medications increase the likelihood of which of the following?
Rhabdomylosis
Which of the following is the most effective for the management of hypercholesterolaemia?
Long duration, moderate intensity aerobic exercise
Exercise has the biggest impact on which of the following?
HDLc
How long after exercise do HDLc levels return to baseline?
72hrs
Explain the signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease and whats these signs and symptoms usually mean
Chest pain (angina) with accompanying pain in arms, neck, jaw, back ,SoB, nausea, and dizziness are the main ones. Angina would usually point to CAD (contrainidicatoin!!)
What are some factors that could impact upon how CVD symptoms present? Or why do some people present with different symptoms to others?
If your diabetic with peripheral neuropathy because it changes how you process sensory information or changes experience of the symptoms. Also, CAD presents differently btw men and women
Why might a GP choose to treat high cholesterol with exercise before medication?
Because it can be treated effectively with exercise and diet. Medications can have negative side effects where exercise has a positive side effect profile and improve other risk factors for CVD
Explain to a client why we want to lower LDLc and increase HDLc
Having higher levels of LDLs in the blood stream increases your risk of developing atherosclerosis as it has a high tendency to stick to artery walls and developing plaque that over time can narrow your arteries, slowing down the flow of blood causing angina. HDLs can harvest cholesterol from plaque and deliver it to the liver to remove it from circulation which reduces your risk of CVD
Explain to a client the long-term risks associated with sustained hypercholesterolaemia
The longer that cholesterol levels are elevated, meaning cholesterol or plaque will accumulate over time leading to an increased risk of CAD from the narrowing of the arteries. This can ultimately lead to a clot which can cause stroke or heart attack
Explain to a client why exercise is beneficial for their cholesterol levels
It is likely to improve their HDLc, it independently reduces his risk of CVD, irrespectie of changes in HDLc or body weight. It may also reduce his weight and central obesity, which in turn can have a positive effect on all cholesterol parameters and his CVD risk
If a client has seen a reduciton in LDLc, what is this most likely from?
usually a change in diet, exercise alone wouldnt cause a reduction in LDLc. Only if weight loss is seen
What is the lipoprotein metabolic pathyway?
a system of transportation for the movement of lipids btw the intestine (from consumption), liver and extrahepatic tissue
Fats play various essential roles in the body. Identify the important functions of fats in human health. From energy storage to hormone production, test your knowledge on the vital roles of fats.
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