Week 3 content pt2

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Name a few important roles of fats in the body

enzyme storage, body insulation, maintenance of bile secretion, steroid hormone production, structure of cell membranes, metabolic regulation

What are triacylglycerols

Triglycerides are the main component of body fat and they constitute the major storage form of fat in fat cells (adipocytes)

What is the role of triacylglycerol formation in the body?

Energy storage

Describe esterification

it is the formation of triacyglycerols Signup and view all the answers

where does triacylglycerol formation and breakdown occur?

in the cytosol of adipocytes Signup and view all the answers

Why would an increase in esterification occur?

It would occur following a meal as food absorption increases blood levels of fatty acids and glucose and relatively high levels of circulating insulin facilitate triacylglycerol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

describe and explain lipolysis

Is the breakdown of triacylglycerols to yeild glycerol and the energy-rich fatty acid molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the body purpose of going through lipolysis?

to yeild fatty acids for energy Signup and view all the answers

Under which conditions do mobilization of fatty acids via lipolysis occur?

all of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 main functions of phospholipids?

<ol> <li>Interacting with both water and lipid to modulate fluid movement across cell membranes</li> <li>Maintaining the structural integrity of the cell 3.Playing an important roll in blood clotting</li> <li>Providing structural integrity to the insulating sheath that surrounds nerve fibers</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are lipoproteins made of and where are they formed?

They are formed primarily in the liver and are made when a protein molecule joins with either triacylglyerols or phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the major role of lipoproteins?

They provide the major avenue for transporting lipids in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the issue with having a high LDLs blood concentration?

They have the greatest affinity for cells of the arterial wall. LDLs deliver cholesterol to arterial wall where the LDL particles contribute to plaque development and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Signup and view all the answers

Match the definition to the name

Apolipoproteins = provides structural integrity to lipoproteins and presses functional roles such as activating or inhibiting enzymes and serving as ligands for receptors Cholesterol = it is a lipid that is an essential component of cell membranes and several vital substances, including bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D. Triglycerides = are important blood lipids and major carriers of energy containing fatty acids Lipoproteins = are lipid-protein complexes that transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Role of HDLs

Harvests cholesterol from plaque and delivers it to the liver Signup and view all the answers

Role of LDLs

responsible for the delivery of cholesterol to tissues throughout the body including atherosclerotic plaque Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary dyslipidaemia

usually results from metabolic dysfunction that arises from the accumulation of ectopic fat, insulin resistance, diabetes, hyperthyroidism and renal insufficiency. Signup and view all the answers

Activities of the reverse cholesterol transport system is reflected by which of the following

HDLs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicated lower risk of CVD?

Elevated HDLs (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary target of statin medications?

LDLS (A) Signup and view all the answers

Niacin is also known as what?

B3 (B) Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take following a meal for blood triglycerides levels to return to normal?

6-8hrs (C) Signup and view all the answers

When taking a statin medication, patients should avoid what?

grapefruit (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding hypercholesterolaemia patients?

Higher likelihood of presenting with CVD symptoms (C) Signup and view all the answers

Statin medications increase the likelihood of which of the following?

Rhabdomylosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most effective for the management of hypercholesterolaemia?

Long duration, moderate intensity aerobic exercise (B) Signup and view all the answers

Exercise has the biggest impact on which of the following?

HDLc (B) Signup and view all the answers

How long after exercise do HDLc levels return to baseline?

72hrs (D) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease and whats these signs and symptoms usually mean

Chest pain (angina) with accompanying pain in arms, neck, jaw, back ,SoB, nausea, and dizziness are the main ones. Angina would usually point to CAD (contrainidicatoin!!) Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that could impact upon how CVD symptoms present? Or why do some people present with different symptoms to others?

If your diabetic with peripheral neuropathy because it changes how you process sensory information or changes experience of the symptoms. Also, CAD presents differently btw men and women Signup and view all the answers

Why might a GP choose to treat high cholesterol with exercise before medication?

Because it can be treated effectively with exercise and diet. Medications can have negative side effects where exercise has a positive side effect profile and improve other risk factors for CVD Signup and view all the answers

Explain to a client why we want to lower LDLc and increase HDLc

Having higher levels of LDLs in the blood stream increases your risk of developing atherosclerosis as it has a high tendency to stick to artery walls and developing plaque that over time can narrow your arteries, slowing down the flow of blood causing angina. HDLs can harvest cholesterol from plaque and deliver it to the liver to remove it from circulation which reduces your risk of CVD Signup and view all the answers

Explain to a client the long-term risks associated with sustained hypercholesterolaemia

The longer that cholesterol levels are elevated, meaning cholesterol or plaque will accumulate over time leading to an increased risk of CAD from the narrowing of the arteries. This can ultimately lead to a clot which can cause stroke or heart attack Signup and view all the answers

Explain to a client why exercise is beneficial for their cholesterol levels

It is likely to improve their HDLc, it independently reduces his risk of CVD, irrespectie of changes in HDLc or body weight. It may also reduce his weight and central obesity, which in turn can have a positive effect on all cholesterol parameters and his CVD risk Signup and view all the answers

If a client has seen a reduciton in LDLc, what is this most likely from?

usually a change in diet, exercise alone wouldnt cause a reduction in LDLc. Only if weight loss is seen Signup and view all the answers

What is the lipoprotein metabolic pathyway?

a system of transportation for the movement of lipids btw the intestine (from consumption), liver and extrahepatic tissue Signup and view all the answers