Rococo, Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment

• Rococo transitioned into Neoclassicism

Rococo

• Served as an intimate and excessive evolution of the Baroque style
• Commonly featured amusements of French high society
• The fall of Absolutism and powerful monarchs caused a return to common values

Enlightenment and Neoclassicism

• Emphasized questioning and the scientific method
• Led to the Industrial Revolution
• The Grand Tour of Italy became popular

Philosophers

• Advocated morality, portrayed in art to teach lessons to the public
• Championed art as heroic and virtuous
• Voltaire promoted anti-king, government, and noble privilege sentiments
• Advocated for freedom of religion and thought
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in advancing humanity through science and rationality
• Rousseau emphasized the importance of feeling over reason, believing society corrupts the innate goodness in people

Jean-Honoré Fragonard's "The Swing"

• Embodies Rococo style with its rich, fancy aesthetic
• Depicts a love affair with an angel whispering, a guy hiding in bushes for love, and angels playing in the background

Joseph Wright of Derby's "A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery"

• Represents the Enlightenment period
• Showcases scientific investigation aimed at improving humanity
• Contributed to the Industrial Revolution, features a living philosopher, and evokes awe among those watching

Vigée-Lebrun's "Self-Portrait"

• Features the artist herself
• Reflecting Rococo style with casual, carefree elements in bright colors, not pastels
• A self-assured gaze is present

Jacques-Louis David's "Oath of the Horatii"

• Moves away from Rococo with strong colors
• Adopts a Neoclassical style by depicting figures in togas and setting the scene with arches reminiscent of Rome

Thomas Jefferson's Monticello

• Employs Greco-Roman architectural elements, such as columns
• Reflecting Classical style, emulating Rome, to signify wisdom

Horatio Greenough's "George Washington"

• Presents a Neoclassical statue
• Featuring classical elements and contrasts
• Classical contrasts, symbolism with thirteen colonies and the Fasces
• Designed sizing to make him powerful looking

Romanticism, Realism, and Photography

• Features included past ideals, longing for the medieval past, pre-industrial Europe, irrationality, inner mind, insanity, and human psyche
• Depicted topics that transcend reason and nature

Features of Realism

• Centered on ordinary people
• Involving accurate, non-idealized depictions and visible brushstrokes
• Averse to artifice, it should not look like a painting

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres' "La Grande Odalisque"

• Combines exotic and Romantic elements
• Painted a harem, exotic, and romantic with the teacher David and sharpness

Francisco Goya's "Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War)"

• Etchings protest the French occupation of Spain and reveal the inhumane aspects of war
• Painted in white to show innocence

Francisco Goya's "The Third of May, 1808"

• Depicts the execution of Spanish citizens by French soldiers
• Evokes the feeling of innocent

Eugène Delacroix's "Liberty Leading the People"

• Captures a protest or revolution
• Documents a historical event, portraying people from all social classes coming together
• Characterizing an allegorical woman as Lady Liberty leading the people in Paris

J.M.W. Turner's "Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon coming on)"

• Romantic to realism elements and loose brushstrokes
• Made to advocate for anti-slavery

Thomas Cole's "The Oxbow"

• Displays the U.S. with a contrast between beautiful, civilized land and untamed wilderness
• Artist in the land that is being painted to be real

Augustus Pugin and Charles Barry's Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament)

• Gothic style, texture, layout, classical architecture

Gustave Courbet's "The Stone Breakers"

• Realism and they are not looking at the audiance to show the audience can not relate
• Men are trappend in society

Honoré Daumier's "Rue Transnonain, April 15, 1834"

• Realism of family that has been murdered from a civil war
• White night shift shows innocence

Édouard Manet's "Olympia"

• Inspired but the artist did not like it
• Realism by ordinary people
• Hand is detailed and drawing us in but offensive
• Slave is in the room

Louis Daguerre's "Still Life in Studio"

• Daguerreotype that would take 20 mins

Eadweard Muybridge's "Horse Galloping"

• Showcases a horse mid-run
• The horse's legs are fully off the ground at one point

Impressionism

• A primary gallery debuted in 1874, facing criticism for its departure from academic norms
• Aims at capturing a fleeting moment
• Examined light and color outdoors

Post-Impressionism

• The Impressionist movement was followed by studying other elements
• The study of structure and solid forms, also perspective

Symbolism

• Inspired by mystical dreams and inner experiences
• Focused on deeply felt emotions rather than superficial observations

Art Nouveau

• Included combining materials and unified experience
• Featured complexity of design and undulating forms

Claude Monet's "The Saint-Lazare Station"

• Depicts everyday life with bumpy strokes, colors like smoke
• Does not feel planned

Mary Cassatt's "The Coiffure"

• Embodies Impressionism with bright colors and capturing a fleeting moment
• Reflected a fascination with Japanese art

Vincent van Gogh's "The Starry Night"

• Features cypress trees symbolizing death
• Demonstrates Japanese woodcut inspiration and expresses a distinct style

Paul Gauguin's "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?"

• Post-Impressionist work painted in Tahiti, depicting what he saw
• Contains cultural views, representing the beginning, the middle, and the end

Paul Cézanne's "Mont Sainte-Victoire"

• Post-Impressionist work emphasizing solid forms rather than random strokes
• Depicts a real mountain from his backyard

Auguste Rodin's "The Burghers of Calais"

• Impressionistic bronze sculpture with a captured texture of the skin and made fast
• The war of the 100 years

Edvard Munch's "The Scream"

• Displays the subject having a panic attract with friends moving on
• To capture the feeling of the day

Gustav Klimt's "The Kiss"

• Conveys intense love
• Features a couple in a garden with real gold

Antoni Gaudí's Sagrada Família

• Gothic inspiration and undulation lights and colors, dying before seeing it completed
• Represents of growth, reminiscent of trees and branches