Rock Formation and Mineral Properties Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Match the type of igneous rock with its formation process:

Intrusive = Cools beneath the Earth's surface Extrusive = Forms on the Earth's surface from lava Granite = Forms from slow cooling of magma Rhyolite = Forms from rapid cooling of lava

Match the term with its definition in relation to diagenesis:

Diagenesis = Changes sediment undergoes to become rock Early Diagenesis = Interval between deposition and consolidation Cementation = Chemical process in early diagenesis Epigenesis = Transformations after sediment consolidation

Match the process with its associated action in rock formation:

Weathering = Converts rock into sediment Compaction = Mechanical approach in early diagenesis Bioturbation = Organic soil development process Dolomitization = Low temperature chemical alteration

Match the rock type with its characteristic cooling rate:

Granite = Slow cooling under the surface Rhyolite = Rapid cooling at the surface Basalt = Common extrusive rock with rapid cooling Diorite = Intrusive rock with slow cooling Signup and view all the answers

Match the process of rock formation with its description:

Cementation = Joining sediments together Dissolution = Dissolving minerals in sediments Compaction = Reducing sediment volume under pressure Authigenesis = Formation of new minerals during diagenesis Signup and view all the answers

Match the geological term to its meaning:

Sedimentary rocks = Rocks formed from sediment Magma = Molten rock beneath the surface Lava = Molten rock that reaches the Earth's surface Mineral precipitation = Formation of minerals from solution Signup and view all the answers

Match the feature of diagenesis with its description:

Microbial response = Bacterial processes affecting sediment Late diagenesis = Changes prior to minimal metamorphism Sediment consolidation = Turning sediment into solid rock New mineral formation = Authigenesis happening during diagenesis Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of rock with its formational context:

Extrusive rocks = Formed from cooled lava Intrusive rocks = Solidified magma under the crust Sedimentary rocks = Evolved from consolidated sediments Metamorphic rocks = Transformed from existing rocks due to heat and pressure Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral luster types with their descriptions:

Metallic = Shiny and reflective Resinous = Shiny but not as bright as metallic Adamantine = Highly brilliant and reflective Earthy = Dull and non-reflective Signup and view all the answers

Match the hardness descriptions with their Mohs scale ratings:

1-2 on the Mohs scale = Very soft compared to other metals 2.5-3 on the Mohs scale = Soft compared to other minerals 10 on the Mohs scale = Hardest known natural material 1.5-2.5 on the Mohs scale = Soft and relatively weak Signup and view all the answers

Match the cleavage characteristics with their features:

Perfect cleavage in one direction = Forms smooth, flat surfaces Perfect in four directions = Forms octahedral shapes None = Does not break along specific planes Perfect cleavage in two directions = Forms distinct cleavage planes Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral types with their hardness levels:

Gold = 1-2 on the Mohs scale Diamond = 10 on the Mohs scale Calcite = 3 on the Mohs scale Gypsum = 2 on the Mohs scale Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions related to mineral properties:

Luster = Quality of light reflected from mineral surfaces Hardness = Resistance of a mineral to scratching Cleavage = Tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces Fracture = Irregular breakage that does not follow smooth planes Signup and view all the answers

Match the cleavage types with their examples:

Perfect cleavage = Mica Conchoidal fracture = Quartz Irregular fracture = Hematite Fibrous cleavage = Asbestos Signup and view all the answers

Match the minerals with their luster types:

Galena = Metallic luster Sphalerite = Resinous luster Diamond = Adamantine luster Bauxite = Dull luster Signup and view all the answers

Match the Mohs hardness items to their respective materials:

Talc = 1 on the Mohs scale Fluorite = 4 on the Mohs scale Feldspar = 6 on the Mohs scale Quartz = 7 on the Mohs scale Signup and view all the answers

Match the minerals with their described cleavages:

Halite = Perfect cubic cleavage Calcite = Perfect rhombohedral cleavage Biotite = Perfect cleavage in one direction Fluorite = Perfect cleavage in four directions Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of sedimentary rock with their characteristics:

Conglomerate = Composed of pebbles Siltstone = Made up of silt-sized particles Sandstone = Formed from sand-sized particles Shale = Composed of clay-sized particles Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of weathering with its influencing factor:

Chemical Weathering = Expedited by warmer climates and rainfall Physical Weathering = Dominates in drier temperature zones Biological Weathering = Involves living organisms Mechanical Weathering = Results from temperature changes Signup and view all the answers

Match each metamorphic rock with its corresponding protolith:

Slate = Derived from shale Phyllite = Derived from slate Schist = Derived from phyllite Gneiss = Derived from schist Signup and view all the answers

Match each term with its corresponding description regarding sedimentary rock formation:

Cementation = Process of binding sediments together Compaction = Reduction of volume due to pressure Stratification = Formation of layered structures Clasts = Fragments from broken rocks Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with its appropriate context in metamorphism:

Recrystallization = Formation of new mineral structures Directed Stress = Deforms the rocks Heat and Pressure = Modifies mineral composition Protolith = Original rock before metamorphism Signup and view all the answers

Match the metamorphic grade with its characteristics:

Low Grade = Minimal metamorphic change Medium Grade = Moderate alteration of rock High Grade = Significant alteration of rock Ultra High Grade = Extreme conditions of heat and pressure Signup and view all the answers

Match each environmental factor with its impact on rock weathering:

Precipitation = Increases chemical weathering Temperature = Affects rate of rock deterioration Climate = Influences the type of weathering Solar Intensity = Accelerates chemical processes Signup and view all the answers

Match the sedimentary rock type with its formation process:

Sandstone = Forms from sand accumulation Limestone = Derived from organic materials Shale = Formed from fine sediments Mudstone = Created from mud compacted Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral properties with their respective descriptions:

Colorless = Gypsum Gray = Slate Banded light and dark minerals = Gneiss Varies = Schist Signup and view all the answers

Match the metamorphic rocks with their physical properties:

Slate = Hardness of 5–6 on Mohs scale Schist = Medium- to coarse-grained texture Gneiss = High-grade metamorphic rock Marble = Non-foliated rock Signup and view all the answers

Match the uses with the corresponding rocks:

Countertops and sculptures = Schist Road construction and railway ballast = Gneiss Roofing tiles = Slate Molds and casts = Gypsum Signup and view all the answers

Match the properties with the respective rocks:

Excellent cleavage = Slate Low to moderate porosity = Gypsum Shiny due to mica content = Schist Dull to slightly shiny luster = Gneiss Signup and view all the answers

Match the rocks with their respective textures:

Foliated = Slate Coarse-grained = Gneiss Fine-grained = Gypsum Non-foliated = Marble Signup and view all the answers

Match the rocks with their hardness on the Mohs scale:

Gypsum = 2 Slate = 5–6 Schist = 4–5 Gneiss = 6–7 Signup and view all the answers

Match the rocks with their respective densities:

Slate = 2.7–2.9 g/cm³ Schist = ~2.7–3.0 g/cm³ Gneiss = 2.6–2.9 g/cm³ Marble = Variable density due to impurities Signup and view all the answers

Match the minerals with their luster:

Pearly to silky = Gypsum Dull to slightly shiny = Gneiss Shiny = Schist Crystalline structure = Marble Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral with its corresponding color description:

Quartz = Colorless, white, silver Feldspar = White, pink, gray Mica = Black, brown, green Olivine = Olive green, brownish-green Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral with its typical luster:

Quartz = Vitreous (glassy) Feldspar = Vitreous to pearly Mica = Pearly to vitreous Pyroxene = Vitreous (glassy) Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral with its Mohs hardness scale rating:

Quartz = 7 (can be scratched by a fingernail) Feldspar = 6 - 6.5 (relatively hard) Mica = 2.5–3 (soft) Olivine = 5 - 7 (moderately hard) Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral with its cleavage or fracture type:

Quartz = No cleavage, conchoidal fracture Feldspar = Two planes at nearly 90° Mica = Two planes at thin sheets Pyroxene = Two set of cleavage in two directions Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral with its primary use:

Quartz = Glassmaking, electronics, jewelry Feldspar = Ceramics, glass, construction Mica = Jewelry Olivine = Geological studies, construction materials Signup and view all the answers

Match the hardness range with the mineral:

Quartz = 7 on the Mohs scale Feldspar = 6 - 6.5 on the Mohs scale Mica = 2.5 - 3 on the Mohs scale Olivine = 5 - 6 on the Mohs scale Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral with its cleavage type:

Quartz = No cleavage Mica = One direction, splits into sheets Amphibole = Two planes at ~56° and 124° Pyroxene = Two planes at nearly 90° Signup and view all the answers

Match the following minerals with their characteristic colors:

Biotite = Black, brown Olivine = Olive green Feldspar = White, pink Amphibole = Dark green, black Signup and view all the answers

Match the mineral with its typical appearance:

Quartz = Transparent to white Mica = Thin sheets, shiny Pyroxene = Dark green, black Feldspar = White to pink Signup and view all the answers

Match the following igneous rocks with their descriptions:

Basalt = Dark gray, fine-grained volcanic rock used in construction Granite = Coarse-grained rock high in quartz and feldspar Rhyolite = Light-colored, fine-grained volcanic rock, used in landscaping Andesite = Intermediate volcanic rock often used in structural applications Signup and view all the answers

Match the following igneous rocks with their primary uses:

Basalt = Used for paving stones and cobblestones Granite = Commonly used in countertops and monuments Rhyolite = Used for decorative purposes in landscaping Obsidian = Used for making sharp tools and decorative items Signup and view all the answers

Match the following igneous rocks with their textures:

Basalt = Fine-grained (aphanitic) Granite = Coarse-grained (phaneritic) Rhyolite = Fine-grained with lighter colors Pumice = Vesicular and lightweight texture Signup and view all the answers

Match the following igneous rocks with their luster:

Basalt = Dull to slightly glassy Granite = Dull to slightly shiny Rhyolite = Dull with low reflectivity Diorite = Slightly shiny and speckled appearance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following igneous rocks with their porosity characteristics:

Basalt = Low porosity, dense Granite = Very low porosity Rhyolite = Higher porosity, less suitable for heavy construction Scoria = High porosity, creates lightweight aggregates Signup and view all the answers

Match the following igneous rocks with their density ranges:

Basalt = ~2.8–3.0 g/cm³ Granite = ~2.6–2.7 g/cm³ Rhyolite = ~2.4–2.5 g/cm³ Gabbro = ~2.9–3.2 g/cm³ Signup and view all the answers

Match the following igneous rocks with their hardness on the Mohs scale:

Basalt = 6–7 Granite = 6–7 Rhyolite = 5–6 Basaltic andesite = 6–7 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following igneous rocks with their composition characteristics:

Basalt = Rich in iron and magnesium (mafic) Granite = High in quartz and feldspar (felsic) Rhyolite = Rich in feldspar and quartz Peridotite = High in olivine (ultramafic) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mineral Groups (Examples)

Silicates are the most prevalent mineral type in the Earth's crust.
Quartz is a silicate mineral composed of silicon dioxide, characteristically hard and crystalline.
Feldspar is a silicate mineral composed of silicon, aluminum, sodium, potassium, and calcium.
Mica is a class of minerals with a layered structure and a silicate basis.
Olivine is a magnesium and iron silicate mineral, found in the Earth's upper mantle, meteorites, and some metamorphic rocks.
Pyroxene is a significant class of ferromagnesian silicates that form rocks.
Amphibole is a significant class of hydrous minerals found in many different types of rocks.

Oxides

Hematite is a red-brown iron oxide mineral. It is a primary ore of iron.
Magnetite is a black, magnetic iron oxide mineral.
Corundum is an aluminum oxide, often in hexagonal shapes.

Ilmenite, Spinel, and Chromite

Ilmenite is a black or steel-gray mineral, a primary source of titanium dioxide.
Spinel is a mineral able to hold various metal cations. It is a member of the cubic space group.
Chromite contains iron oxides and chromium, and is the primary chromium source.

Carbonates

Calcite is the most prevalent carbonate mineral on Earth.
Aragonite is a calcium carbonate polymorph found under high pressure conditions.
Dolomite is a calcium and magnesium-based sedimentary rock.
Malachite is a bright green mineral composed of copper carbonate hydroxide.
Azurite is a soft, deep-blue copper mineral.
Siderite is an iron (II) carbonate-based mineral.

Sulfides

Pyrite is an iron disulfide mineral that occurs spontaneously.
Galena is the main lead and silver source, a lead mineral.
Chalcopyrite is a copper-iron sulfide mineral, a main copper source.
Sphalerite is a zinc sulfide mineral, appearing in honey-yellow to bronze-black colors.
Cinnabar is the primary mercury ore mineral; a mercury sulfide.
Stibnite is an antimony-producing mineral; soft and lead-gray in appearance.

Sulfates

Gypsum is a soft, white sulfate mineral formed from calcium sulfate dihydrate.
Barite contains barium, a source of barium.
Anhydrite is found in dolomites, limestones, and as a gangue mineral in ore veins.
Celestite is a soft, pale-colored sulfate mineral, often colorless, pale blue, white, or pale yellow.
Epsomite is a hydrated magnesium sulfate, (Epsom salts) a frequent mineral in caves, mines, and salt beds

Alunite

Alunite is a mineral composed of water, sulfate, potassium, and aluminum.

Halides

Halite is sodium chloride, often referred to as rock salt. It is found in sedimentary evaporites.
Fluorite is a calcium fluoride-based mineral, known for its colorful appearance and UV fluorescence.
Sylvite is a potassium chloride mineral.
Cryolite contains sodium aluminum fluoride, used in aluminum production.
Carnallite is a hydrated potassium magnesium chloride mineral found in evaporite deposits.
Chlorargyrite is silver chloride, the main component of the uncommon silver halide mineral; sometimes referred to as horn silver.

Native Elements

Gold is a naturally occurring metal distinguished by high density, malleability, and bright yellow color.
Silver is malleable, and conductive metal with a characteristic shiny sheen.
Copper prized for its electrical conductivity, malleability, and resistance to corrosion, with a reddish-brown hue.
Diamond is a form of carbon, well-known for its brilliance and hardness.
Graphite is a form of carbon with exceptional electrical conductivity, metallic sheen, and slipperiness.
Sulfur is a nonmetal element with a characteristic yellow hue and links to chemical reactions and volcanic activity.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the various aspects of rock formation and mineral properties. This quiz covers igneous rocks, diagenesis, mineral luster, hardness, and cleavage characteristics. Match different terms and features to deepen your understanding of geology.