88 Questions
What is the structure that RNA polymerase recognizes to terminate transcription in prokaryotes?
Hairpin structure
In eukaryotic transcription, what is transcribed downstream of the poly(A) signal?
mRNA
Which component is responsible for adding the poly(A) tail in eukaryotic mRNA processing?
Poly(A) polymerase
What is the function of a 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA?
Enhances translation efficiency
What is the nucleotide added to the 3' end of a growing RNA polynucleotide during transcription?
Uracil
Which component is responsible for cutting introns and joining exons during RNA splicing?
Spliceosome
Which chemical modification process involves the excision of certain sequences known as introns?
RNA splicing
In eukaryotes, what process involves adding a long string of adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of the mRNA?
Polyadenylation
What is the name of the RNA molecule that combines with the ribosome to direct protein synthesis?
mRNA
Which of the following occurs before mRNA is translated by the ribosome in eukaryotes?
Addition of a 5' cap
What is the main function of a 5' cap added to mRNA in eukaryotes?
Prevent degradation
In prokaryotes, what is the relationship between the primary transcript and mRNA?
They are identical
What is the purpose of adding a 5' cap to a primary RNA transcript?
To enable ribosomes to bind and protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the function of a 3' poly(A) tail added to a primary RNA transcript?
To provide stability during translation and protect the mRNA from degradation
Which process allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins?
RNA splicing
What happens to introns during RNA processing in eukaryotes?
They are removed and remain inside the nucleus
What is the role of UTRs in mature mRNAs?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
Which term best describes alternative RNA splicing?
Production of different proteins from a single gene
Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of RNA processing in eukaryotes?
Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus.
Why is it crucial to have a primary transcript that is longer than the final RNA molecule that leaves the nucleus?
To allow for alternative splicing and generating diversity in proteins.
What is the role of polyadenylation in RNA processing?
To add a poly-A tail to the 3' end of the RNA molecule.
Which aspect contributes to making an interaction between adenine and cytosine in DNA unstable?
Adenine forming only two hydrogen bonds instead of three.
What happens during 5' cap addition in mRNA processing?
Addition of methylated guanine nucleotide to the 5' end.
In RNA splicing, what is the function of ribozymes?
Catalyzing the removal of introns and joining of exons.
What is the purpose of the 5' cap addition in mRNA processing?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
How does the absence of the polyA tail affect mRNA translation?
It reduces mRNA stability
What role does RNA splicing play in mRNA processing?
Removing introns and joining exons
In eukaryotes, where does the process of transcription occur?
Nucleus
Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Carrying amino acids to the ribosome based on codon recognition
What impact would a mutation in the DNA sequence have on mRNA translation?
It might change the amino acid sequence in the resulting protein
Where does the small ribosomal subunit bind during translation initiation in bacteria?
Ribosome binding site
In translation, what is the role of the initiator tRNA?
Carries a modified methionine
What happens at the termination phase of translation?
Release factor binds to the stop codon
Where are amino acids added during translation?
A site
During translation elongation, what happens when the ribosome moves down the mRNA by one codon?
P site tRNA exits
What defines where the next tRNA will bind during protein synthesis?
Codon-anticodon recognition
What is the main role of RNA splicing in mRNA processing?
Joining exons and excising introns
Which component plays a vital role in protecting mRNA from degradation?
Poly(A) tail
What is the function of the 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA?
Initiating translation by attracting ribosomes
Which process leads to the removal of introns during mRNA processing?
RNA splicing
What occurs during translocation in translation?
The tRNA in the P site moves into the E site and exits the ribosome.
What is the primary purpose of adding a poly(A) tail to mRNA?
Stabilizing mRNA against degradation
What happens to the tRNA attached to the growing protein during translation termination?
It moves to the E site for ejection.
What is the role of a release factor in translation termination?
Hydrolyzes the bond linking the A-site tRNA to the polypeptide chain.
Which region of mature mRNAs plays a crucial role in regulating translation efficiency?
UTRs
What is the purpose of post-translational modifications in protein processing?
Determine protein shape and function.
Which step follows translation in protein synthesis?
Post-Translational Modifications
What determines a protein's shape and function before it becomes functional?
Post-translational modifications
During transcription, what do promoters indicate and where are they located?
The start of a gene and the template DNA strand; downstream of the transcription start site
What happens when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA duplex during initiation in transcription?
It opens the DNA double helix and creates a transcription bubble.
Which direction does the new RNA strand grow during transcription?
5' to 3'
What is the function of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) in RNA synthesis?
They are used to produce an RNA transcript complementary to the template DNA strand.
What role do tRNAs play in the process of translation?
They carry amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Which cellular component is primarily responsible for post-translational modifications of proteins?
Golgi apparatus
What is the primary function of RNA splicing in mRNA processing?
Excising introns from the primary transcript
How is the primary transcript different from mRNA in eukaryotes?
Primary transcript undergoes RNA splicing
Which modification occurs at the 3' end of the mRNA during RNA processing?
Polyadenylation
What is the significance of the 5' cap addition in mRNA processing?
Enhancing translation efficiency
During transcription, the template strand is used to synthesize an RNA transcript that is complementary to the non-template strand of DNA.
False
Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) pair with complementary RNA bases during transcription.
False
RNA polymerase binds to the DNA duplex at terminator sequences during transcription initiation.
False
The new RNA strand grows in the 3' to 5' direction during transcription.
False
Promoters in transcription indicate where a gene ends and which DNA strand is the template strand.
False
During transcription, RNA polymerase creates a transcription bubble by separating the two strands of DNA.
True
RNA polymerase transcribes a transcription-initiation signal.
False
In prokaryotes, a hairpin structure is formed by the RNA downstream of the termination signal.
False
Eukaryotic transcription uses a hairpin structure as a termination signal.
False
DNA polymerase is directly involved in transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
False
In prokaryotic transcription, ribosomes are required for the process.
False
RNA nucleotides can be added to either end of a growing RNA polynucleotide during transcription.
False
In prokaryotes, the primary transcript is synonymous with mRNA.
True
RNA splicing involves the excision of exons, leaving only the introns intact.
False
Polyadenylation is a type of chemical modification that occurs before mRNA translation by the ribosome.
True
RNA splicing occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes at the same efficiency rate.
False
The primary function of a 5' cap added to mRNA is to indicate the start codon for translation.
False
In eukaryotes, the primary transcript contains only the gene information transcribed, while mRNA includes additional regulatory elements.
True
DNA and RNA have the same nucleotide bases.
False
In RNA molecules, uracil pairs with thymine.
False
During transcription, the DNA double helix separates to allow the synthesis of RNA.
True
RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 5' end of the growing RNA strand during transcription.
False
The mRNA produced during transcription is ready for translation without any further processing.
False
Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
False
During translation elongation, the uncharged tRNA from the A site moves into the E site and is ejected from the ribosome.
True
In translation, the initiator tRNA is in the P site at the start of elongation.
True
Translocation during elongation occurs when the ribosome moves one codon towards the 5' end of the mRNA.
False
During translation termination, a release factor enters the P site of the ribosome.
False
Aminoacyl tRNA binds to the codon in the E site during translation elongation.
False
In translation termination, a release factor resembles tRNAs in size and shape.
True
Explore the concept of RNA splicing and how it leads to the generation of different mRNAs and proteins from a single gene. Learn about alternative RNA splicing and the addition of caps and tails to primary RNA transcripts.
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