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Questions and Answers
What factors can lead to fluctuations in the composition of normal flora in the human body?
What factors can lead to fluctuations in the composition of normal flora in the human body?
- Blood type and genetic makeup
- Physical exercise and fitness level
- Geographical location and climate
- Frequency of hand washing and hygienic practices (correct)
How can the effect of normal flora on the human body be studied using germ-free animals?
How can the effect of normal flora on the human body be studied using germ-free animals?
- Modifying the genetic makeup of germ-free animals
- Transferring normal flora from one animal to another
- Comparing the properties of germ-free animals with those of normal animals (correct)
- Introducing foreign microbes into germ-free animals
How does a human foetus first acquire microorganisms?
How does a human foetus first acquire microorganisms?
- By inhaling microorganisms from the environment (correct)
- By genetic transfer from the mother
- Through skin contact with the mother
- By consuming contaminated food and water
What is one approach to studying the effect of normal flora that involves altering the balance between normal flora and the human host?
What is one approach to studying the effect of normal flora that involves altering the balance between normal flora and the human host?
What contributes to the acquisition of microorganisms by a newborn in its immediate surroundings?
What contributes to the acquisition of microorganisms by a newborn in its immediate surroundings?
Which factor can lead to fluctuations in the composition of normal flora in the human body?
Which factor can lead to fluctuations in the composition of normal flora in the human body?
What is the definition of gnotobiotic animals?
What is the definition of gnotobiotic animals?
Why are gnotobiotic animals used to study symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms?
Why are gnotobiotic animals used to study symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms?
What are the common characteristics of animals reared in a gnotobiotic colony?
What are the common characteristics of animals reared in a gnotobiotic colony?
What effect does the presence of normal flora have on vitamin requirements?
What effect does the presence of normal flora have on vitamin requirements?
What is the purpose of using gnotobiotic technique to assess the effect of particular species of microbe on the host?
What is the purpose of using gnotobiotic technique to assess the effect of particular species of microbe on the host?
Why are gnotobiotic animals reared in a sterile environment?
Why are gnotobiotic animals reared in a sterile environment?
What is a common characteristic of germfree animals compared with normal animals?
What is a common characteristic of germfree animals compared with normal animals?
What characteristics do gnotobiotic animals have compared to normal animals?
What characteristics do gnotobiotic animals have compared to normal animals?
What is inferred by microbiologists from experimental comparisons between "germfree" animals and conventional animals?
What is inferred by microbiologists from experimental comparisons between "germfree" animals and conventional animals?
How does a human foetus acquire microorganisms?
How does a human foetus acquire microorganisms?
What is the impact of factors like diet, hygienic practices, and living conditions on the normal flora in a child's body?
What is the impact of factors like diet, hygienic practices, and living conditions on the normal flora in a child's body?
What is the purpose of using germ-free animals to study the effect of normal flora?
What is the purpose of using germ-free animals to study the effect of normal flora?
What contributes to the acquisition of microorganisms by a newborn in its immediate surroundings?
What contributes to the acquisition of microorganisms by a newborn in its immediate surroundings?
What are the common characteristics of germ-free animals compared with normal animals?
What are the common characteristics of germ-free animals compared with normal animals?
Why are fluctuations in the composition of normal flora observed in the human body?
Why are fluctuations in the composition of normal flora observed in the human body?
What is the main purpose of rearing gnotobiotic animals in a sterile or microbially controlled environment?
What is the main purpose of rearing gnotobiotic animals in a sterile or microbially controlled environment?
What is the significance of rearing gnotobiotic animals in a controlled environment?
What is the significance of rearing gnotobiotic animals in a controlled environment?
What is one of the common characteristics of animals reared in a gnotobiotic colony compared with normal animals?
What is one of the common characteristics of animals reared in a gnotobiotic colony compared with normal animals?
What do the findings about germfree animals' vitamin requirements indicate?
What do the findings about germfree animals' vitamin requirements indicate?
How are gnotobiotic animals different from germ-free animals?
How are gnotobiotic animals different from germ-free animals?
Why are gnotobiotic animals important for studying symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms?
Why are gnotobiotic animals important for studying symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms?
What is inferred by microbiologists from experimental comparisons between germfree and conventional animals?
What is inferred by microbiologists from experimental comparisons between germfree and conventional animals?
What technique is used to assess the effect of particular species of microbe on the host?
What technique is used to assess the effect of particular species of microbe on the host?
What is the main contribution of the normal flora to the vitamin requirements of the host?
What is the main contribution of the normal flora to the vitamin requirements of the host?
What is the definition of gnotobiotic animals?
What is the definition of gnotobiotic animals?
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Study Notes
Factors Affecting Normal Flora
- Fluctuations in the composition of normal flora in the human body can be caused by factors such as diet, hygienic practices, and living conditions.
- The presence of normal flora can affect vitamin requirements, and the main contribution of normal flora to the vitamin requirements of the host is significant.
Acquisition of Microorganisms
- A human foetus first acquires microorganisms during birth and from the mother's vaginal flora.
- A newborn acquires microorganisms in its immediate surroundings from the mother, family members, and environment.
Germ-Free and Gnotobiotic Animals
- Germ-free animals are animals that are completely free of microorganisms.
- Gnotobiotic animals are animals that have a known and controlled microbial flora, and are used to study symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms.
- Gnotobiotic animals are reared in a sterile or microbially controlled environment to study the effect of normal flora.
- The characteristics of gnotobiotic animals compared to normal animals include the absence of certain microorganisms and a different vitamin requirement.
Studying Normal Flora
- One approach to studying the effect of normal flora is to alter the balance between normal flora and the human host.
- The use of gnotobiotic technique helps to assess the effect of particular species of microbe on the host.
- Experimental comparisons between "germfree" animals and conventional animals help microbiologists to understand the significance of normal flora.
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