RJC SYBT Sem IV Unit I 403: Host-Parasite Relationship and Normal Flora
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Questions and Answers

What factors can lead to fluctuations in the composition of normal flora in the human body?

  • Blood type and genetic makeup
  • Physical exercise and fitness level
  • Geographical location and climate
  • Frequency of hand washing and hygienic practices (correct)

    • How can the effect of normal flora on the human body be studied using germ-free animals?

  • Modifying the genetic makeup of germ-free animals
  • Transferring normal flora from one animal to another
  • Comparing the properties of germ-free animals with those of normal animals (correct)
  • Introducing foreign microbes into germ-free animals

    • How does a human foetus first acquire microorganisms?

  • By inhaling microorganisms from the environment (correct)
  • By genetic transfer from the mother
  • Through skin contact with the mother
  • By consuming contaminated food and water

    • What is one approach to studying the effect of normal flora that involves altering the balance between normal flora and the human host?

    <p>Using antimicrobial agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the acquisition of microorganisms by a newborn in its immediate surroundings?

    <p>Microbes from various sources in the surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can lead to fluctuations in the composition of normal flora in the human body?

    <p>Hormonal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of gnotobiotic animals?

    <p>Animals reared in a microbially controlled environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are gnotobiotic animals used to study symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms?

    <p>Because they are only exposed to selected microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common characteristics of animals reared in a gnotobiotic colony?

    <p>Poorly developed immune systems and high susceptibility to infectious pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the presence of normal flora have on vitamin requirements?

    <p>It increases the requirement for Vitamin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using gnotobiotic technique to assess the effect of particular species of microbe on the host?

    <p>To determine the ability of microbes to produce disease or cause immunological changes in the animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are gnotobiotic animals reared in a sterile environment?

    <p>To control their exposure to specific microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of germfree animals compared with normal animals?

    <p>High levels of Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristics do gnotobiotic animals have compared to normal animals?

    <p>More unique organisms in their microbiota, low immunity, high susceptibility to infectious pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inferred by microbiologists from experimental comparisons between "germfree" animals and conventional animals?

    <p>The effects of normal flora on gastrointestinal health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a human foetus acquire microorganisms?

    <p>By swallowing or inhaling microorganisms during birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of factors like diet, hygienic practices, and living conditions on the normal flora in a child's body?

    <p>They cause fluctuations in the composition of normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using germ-free animals to study the effect of normal flora?

    <p>To prevent the colonization of experimental animals by microbes for comparison with normal animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the acquisition of microorganisms by a newborn in its immediate surroundings?

    <p>Inhalation of air contaminated with microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common characteristics of germ-free animals compared with normal animals?

    <p>Higher susceptibility to diseases and infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are fluctuations in the composition of normal flora observed in the human body?

    <p>Owing to factors such as diet, hormonal activity, and general health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of rearing gnotobiotic animals in a sterile or microbially controlled environment?

    <p>To prevent the acquisition of harmful pathogens from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of rearing gnotobiotic animals in a controlled environment?

    <p>To demonstrate the impact of a single microbial species on animal growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common characteristics of animals reared in a gnotobiotic colony compared with normal animals?

    <p>Thin intestinal walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the findings about germfree animals' vitamin requirements indicate?

    <p>They have reduced requirement for Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are gnotobiotic animals different from germ-free animals?

    <p>Gnotobiotic animals are exposed to only specific microorganisms, while germ-free animals are not exposed to any microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are gnotobiotic animals important for studying symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms?

    <p>Because they are only exposed to specific microorganisms that researchers choose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inferred by microbiologists from experimental comparisons between germfree and conventional animals?

    <p>The effects of normal flora on the host can be inferred from these comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to assess the effect of particular species of microbe on the host?

    <p>Using germfree animals inoculated with a known species to determine its effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of the normal flora to the vitamin requirements of the host?

    <p>Requirement for Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of gnotobiotic animals?

    <p>Animals exposed to only specific known strains of bacteria and other microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Factors Affecting Normal Flora

    • Fluctuations in the composition of normal flora in the human body can be caused by factors such as diet, hygienic practices, and living conditions.
    • The presence of normal flora can affect vitamin requirements, and the main contribution of normal flora to the vitamin requirements of the host is significant.

    Acquisition of Microorganisms

    • A human foetus first acquires microorganisms during birth and from the mother's vaginal flora.
    • A newborn acquires microorganisms in its immediate surroundings from the mother, family members, and environment.

    Germ-Free and Gnotobiotic Animals

    • Germ-free animals are animals that are completely free of microorganisms.
    • Gnotobiotic animals are animals that have a known and controlled microbial flora, and are used to study symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms.
    • Gnotobiotic animals are reared in a sterile or microbially controlled environment to study the effect of normal flora.
    • The characteristics of gnotobiotic animals compared to normal animals include the absence of certain microorganisms and a different vitamin requirement.

    Studying Normal Flora

    • One approach to studying the effect of normal flora is to alter the balance between normal flora and the human host.
    • The use of gnotobiotic technique helps to assess the effect of particular species of microbe on the host.
    • Experimental comparisons between "germfree" animals and conventional animals help microbiologists to understand the significance of normal flora.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of host-parasite relationship and the acquisition of normal flora by the human body. This quiz covers the concept of how the human foetus acquires microorganisms, as well as the role of different environmental conditions in hosting microbial communities.

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