Rizal's Arrest, Exile, and Execution

• At the end of the lesson, students should be able to analyze the factors leading to Jose Rizal's execution and its effects on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine Revolution

Rizal's Return and Arrest

• Jose Rizal's arrival in Manila on June 26, 1896, was sensational among Filipinos
• The Spanish feared his popularity and closely monitored his movements, searching houses he visited and suspecting Filipinos in his company
• On July 3, 1892, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina in Doroteo Ongjunco's house in Tondo, Manila
• Four days later, Spanish authorities arrested Rizal based on four grounds
• Publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar materials
• Possessing handbills of the POBRES FAILES
• Dedicating El Filibusterismo to "traitors" advocating Philippine separation
• Critiquing religion and aiming for its exclusion from Filipino culture

Exile in Dapitan

• Rizal, along with his guard Captain Ricardo Carnicero, arrived in Dapitan on July 17, 1892
• Rizal was given the option to reside in the house of Fr. Antonio Obach or Carnicero
• Living in the priest's quarter was contingent on publicly retracting Masonic and anti-church beliefs, participating in Church rites, and conducting himself as a good Spanish subject

Life in Talisay

• Rizal and Carnicero won 20,000 pesos in the lottery with ticket number 9736
• Rizal used his winnings to construct an octagonal house in Talisay using bamboo and nipa
• He established a school, providing free education to students
• Part of his residence was used as an eye clinic

Changes in Dapitan

• Captain Juan Sitges replaced Carnicero on May 4, 1893
• Sitges assigned Rizal to a house near the headquarters
• Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Rizal's old professor from Ateneo, arrived

Romance and Revolution

• Rizal fell in love with 18-year-old Josephine Bracken
• Rizal and Josephine's attempt to marry in Catholic rites was thwarted by Fr. Obach's demand for Rizal's retraction of beliefs
• Rizal's relatives and friends viewed Josephine with suspicion
• Pablo Mercado (Florencio Namaan), a spy posing as Rizal's relative
• Pio Valenzuela, representing Andres Bonifacio, sought Rizal's advice on launching a revolution
• The Katipunan offered assistance in Rizal's escape from Dapitan

End of Exile

• When Rizal heard that Spain needed physicians for Cuba's fight for independence, he volunteered in 1895
• Governor General Ramon Blanco approved the request on July 1, 1896
• Rizal departed on the steamer Espana that night
• The townspeople of Dapitan mourned his departure

Trial

• Rizal couldn't disembark immediately in Manila Bay on August 6, 1876, because the vessel Isla de Luzon had already departed
• He was moved to the Spanish cruiser Castilla from August 6 to September 2, 1896
• Fr. Mariano Gil discovered the Katipunan's plot to overthrow Spanish rule on August 19, 1896, following Teodoro Patino's disclosure of organization secrets
• Governor General Blanco declared a state of war in eight provinces, including Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac
• He was transferred to Isla de Panay sailing for Barcelona, Spain
• Isla de Panay sailed past Port Said in Egypt and was sailing in the Mediterranean on September 30
• A telegraphic message that Rizal be placed under arrest was received
• Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda had clamored for the arrest of Rizal, who was said to be the spirit of Philippine
• The Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona on October 3, and Rizal was imprisoned in Montjuich Castle
• Rizal's Interview with Despujol lead for him to be shipped back to Manila
• Rizal was taken aboard the Colon, loaded with Spanish troops, that night and sailed for Manila
• Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez sought a lawyer in Singapore to aid Rizal
• Attorney Hugh Fort in Singapore
• Chief Justice Lionel denied the request in Singapore
• Colon arrived in Manila Bay on November 3, 1896, and Rizal was taken to Fort Santiago
• Colonel Francisco Olive led a Spanish military tribunal that Rizal was brought to on November 20, 1896
• Fifteen documents were used as evidence
• Oral testimonies were used to implicate him in the Philippine Revolution
• Prima Facie evidence resulted against Rizal
• Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, Rizal's lawyer was the brother of his former bodyguard
• December 13- The case was forwarded to Governor General Camillo de Polavieja
• Rizal's trial began on December 26, 1896 in the Hall of Banners of the Cuarte de Espana in Fort Santiago
• Rizal was charged with Rebellion, Sedition and formation of illegal associations

Death

• Rizal presented twelve arguments
• The court judged Rizal guilty
• Governor General Polavieja signed Rizal's death warrant on December 28, 1896
• Rizal was ordered to be shot at 7:00 o'clock in the morning at Bagumbayan
• Rizal gave the alcohol stove, a gift from Pardo de Tavera, to Trinidad, whispering in English "There is something inside"
• He instructed her to check his shoes after his execution
• Fr. Balaguer returned with Fr. Viza that night and talked with Rizal about religious matters, joined by fiscal Gaspar Castano of the Royal Audiencia
• A draft of retraction from Achbishop Bernandino Nozaleda arrived at around 10:00
• Another draft of retraction was made by Fr. Pio Pi
• Rizal signed his retraction from the freemasonry
• Juan del Fresco, the chief of the guard detail and the adjutant of the Plaza Elroy Moure witnessed it
• Rizal confessed with Fr. Vilaclara and rested afterwards signing
• Rizal had his last breakfast and autographed his remaining books at 5:00 am
• These things had become his last souvenirs
• Fr. Balaguer performed the marriage rites of Rizal and Josephine
• Rizal gave a book to Josephine, Imitacion de Cristo by Thomas Kempis
• Rizal had written three farewell letters: to Parents, Dr. Blumentritt and Paciano
• Rizal was taken from cell and the march to Bagumbayan began at around 6:30
• A colonel took Rizal to the site of his execution
• Rizal had requested the firing squad to spare his head
• He also requested to be shot at his front, while it was denied
• Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo took Rizal’s pulse and found that it was normal
• The commanding officer ordered the men to aim and there was a crack of gunfire
• Jose Rizal made one last effort to drop on his back with his face facing the sun
• The military band played Marcha de Cadiz
• Rizal’s body was secretly buried at Paco Cementery and was later traced by his sister
• His remains were laid to rest inside the Rizal monument in Luneta