Rizal's Execution: Factors, Effects & Arrest

• At the end of the lesson, students should be able to analyze the factors and effects of Jose Rizal's execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine revolution

Rizal's Arrival and La Liga Filipina

• Jose Rizal's arrival in Manila on June 26, 1896, was sensational among Filipinos
• The Spaniards feared his popularity and closely monitored his movements, searching houses he visited and suspecting Filipinos in his company
• On July 3, 1892, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina in Doroteo Ongjunco's house in Tondo, Manila

Rizal's Arrest

• Four days after La Liga Filipina's founding, Spanish authorities arrested Jose Rizal
• He was arrested for publishing anti-Catholic books and articles
• Rizal was arrested for having handbills of the POBRES FAILES, which advocated violation of Spanish orders
• Dedicating El Filibusterismo to "traitors" advocating Philippine separation was a reason for his arrest
• Criticizing religion and aiming for its exclusion from Filipino culture also led to his arrest

Rizal's Exile in Dapitan

• On July 17, 1892, Rizal and his guard, Captain Ricardo Carnicero, arrived in Dapitan
• Rizal could choose to live in the house of Fr. Antonio Obach or Carnicero's house
• Living in the priest's quarter required publicly retracting Masonic and anti-church beliefs
• Living in the priest's quarter required regularly participating in Church rites
• Living in the priest's quarter required conducting himself as a good Spanish subject

Life in Talisay

• Rizal and Carnicero won 20,000 pesos in the lottery
• The lottery ticket number was 9736
• Rizal used his lottery winnings to build an octagonal house from bamboo and nipa in Talisay
• He built a school in Talisay and accepted students without tuition
• Part of the house was used for his eye clinic
• Carnicero wrote to the Governor-General to allow Rizal's mother and sisters to join him in Dapitan
• On May 4, 1893, Captain Juan Sitges replaced Carnicero
• Sitges did not want to live with a deportee, so Rizal lived in a house near the headquarters
• The Jesuits sent Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Rizal's old professor at Ateneo
• Rizal fell in love with eighteen-year-old Josephine Bracken
• Rizal and Josephine attempted to marry in Catholic rites, but Fr. Obach required Rizal to retract his beliefs
• Rizal's relatives and friends were suspicious of Josephine
• Pablo Mercado, whose real name was Florencio Namaan, was a spy for the friars posing as Rizal's relative
• Pio Valenzuela, a representative of Andres Bonifacio, sought Rizal's advice on launching a revolution
• Katipunan offered to assist Rizal in escaping from Dapitan

The End of the Dapitan Exile

• Upon learning that Spain needed physicians in Cuba, Rizal volunteered in 1895
• Governor General Ramon Blanco approved Rizal's request on July 1, 1896
• Rizal departed on the steamer Espana at midnight
• The townspeople of Dapitan mourned his departure

Rizal's Trial

• On August 6, 1876, Rizal arrived in Manila Bay but could not leave immediately because the Isla de Luzon had departed
• He was transferred to the Spanish cruiser Castilla, where he stayed from August 6 to September 2, 1896
• On August 19, 1896, Fr. Mariano Gil discovered the Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule
• Teodoro Patino disclosed the organization's secrets
• Governor General Blanco declared a state of war in eight provinces: Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac that afternoon
• Rizal was transferred to Isla de Panay, sailing for Barcelona

Arrest and Trial

• On September 30, the Isla de Panay sailed past Port Said in Egypt, heading to the Mediterranean
• A telegraphic message ordered Rizal's arrest
• Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda called for Rizal's arrest, deeming him the "spirit of the Philippine"
• On October 3, the Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona, and Rizal was imprisoned in Montjuich Castle
• After an interview with Despujol, Rizal was to be shipped back to Manila
• The same night, Rizal was taken aboard the Colon, loaded with Spanish troops, sailing for Manila
• Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez sought a lawyer in Singapore to assist Rizal
• Attorney Hugh Fort was an English lawyer in Singapore
• Chief Justice Lionel in Singapore denied the request
• On November 3, 1896, the Colon arrived in Manila Bay, and Rizal was taken to Fort Santiago
• On November 20, 1896, Rizal was brought before a Spanish military tribunal headed by Colonel Francisco Olive
• Fifteen documents were used as evidence against him
• Oral testimonies were used to implicate Rizal in the Philippine Revolution
• It was decided that there was Prima Facie evidence against Rizal
• Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, brother of Rizal's former bodyguard Jose Taviel de Andrade, was Rizal's lawyer
• On December 13, the case was forwarded to Governor General Camillo de Polavieja, who replaced Governor Blanco
• Rizal's trial began on December 26, 1896, in the Hall of Banners of the Cuarte de España in Fort Santiago
• Rizal was charged with rebellion, sedition, and forming illegal associations
• Rizal presented twelve arguments in his defense
• The court judged Rizal guilty and voted for the death penalty
• On December 28, 1896, Governor General Polavieja signed Rizal's death warrant
• Rizal was ordered to be shot at 7:00 a.m. in Bagumbayan

Jose Rizal's Death

• Rizal gave an alcohol stove, a gift from Pardo de Tavera, to Trinidad saying “There is something inside”
• He told her to look inside his shoes after his execution
• On the evening of Rizal's death, Fr. Balaguer returned with Fr. Viza and discussed religious matters with Rizal
• Fiscal Gaspar Castano of the Royal Audiencia joined them
• At around 10:00 p.m., Archbishop Bernandino Nozaleda sent a draft of retraction
• Fr. Pio Pi made another draft of retraction
• At 11:30 p.m., Rizal signed the retraction from freemasonry, witnessed by Juan del Fresco and Plaza Elroy Moure's adjutant
• After signing, Rizal had confession with Fr. Vilaclara and rested
• At 5:00 a.m., Rizal had his last breakfast and autographed his remaining books, which became his last souvenirs
• Fr. Balaguer performed the marriage rites of Rizal and Josephine
• Rizal gifted Josephine a book, Imitacion de Cristo by Thomas Kempis, which he autographed
• Rizal wrote three farewell letters to his parents, Dr. Blumentritt, and Paciano
• At around 6:30 a.m., Rizal was taken from his cell, and the march to Bagumbayan began
• A colonel escorted Rizal to the execution site
• Rizal requested that the firing squad spare his head, which was granted
• His request to be shot facing the firing squad was denied
• Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo took Rizal's pulse and found it normal
• The commanding officer ordered his men to aim with his saber, and a simultaneous crack of gunfire occurred
• Jose Rizal made a final effort to fall on his back with his face towards the sun
• The military band played Marcha de Cadiz
• Rizal's body was secretly buried at Paco Cemetery, later traced by his sister
• His remains were laid to rest inside the Rizal monument in Luneta