Rizal: Higher Education and Life Abroad

• This document describes Rizal's higher education and life abroad.
• It goes over his education at Ateneo, University of Santo Tomas, and in Europe.
• It also summarizes his life in other countries such as Japan, United States, London.
• Also included is a discussion of his literary works.

Ateneo de Manila

• Ateneo was the most prestigious college for boys and was supervised by Jesuit priests from 1872-1877.
• Rizal first took the entrance exam at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran on June 10, 1872, accompanied by his brother Paciano.
• Exams for incoming freshmen were administered at Colegio de San Juan de Letran since the Dominicans had authority over Ateneo at that time.
• Despite qualifying, the College Registrar, Father Magin Ferrand, initially refused Rizal due to being a late registrant, pale, thin, and undersized for an 11-year-old.
• He was eventually accepted with the help of Manuel Burgos and was registered as Jose Rizal because his real surname Mercado had connection to one of the leaders secularization movement, Father Burgos.
• Ateneo offered a six-year program that gives students the academic title of Bachiller en Artes.
• This program included subjects like Christian doctrine, Languages of Spanish, Latin, Greek, and French, History and Geography, Mathematics and Sciences, and Classic disciplines like poetry, rhetoric, and philosophy.
• Ateneo offered strict religious instruction and discipline, with students attending masses before and after classes.
• The school encouraged competition by dividing the class into two groups: the Roman Empire (boarding students) and the Carthaginian Empire (non-boarding students).
• Rizal's first professor was Father Jose Bech and he excelled as the "emperor" in his class.
• The method of instruction used was the ration studiorum, a system of indoctrination under tight and constant discpline.
• Ateneo education had the goal of "Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam" (For the Greater Glory of God).
• He finished with the degree, Bachiller en Artes, with the highest academic honors.
• Rizal was also active in extra-curricular activities and became a member of Marian Congregation and an officer in the religious confraternities at Ateneo.
• Privately, Rizal took lessons in Santa Isabel College to improve his Spanish and poetry skills.

Literary Works at Ateneo

• "Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)" was the first poem Rizal wrote as a student and dedicated to his mother.
• He also wrote "Un Recuerdo de Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)" in 1876, as a tribute to his hometown, Calamba.

University of Santo Tomas (UST)

• After Ateneo, Rizal was admitted to higher studies at UST
• Dona Teodora opposed the decision because of her fear of what might happen because of Gomburza.
• He enrolled major in Philosophy under the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters because his father wanted him to pursue that course.
• He also took up a surveying course at Ateneo while underage, but could not practice the profession yet.
• After his first year, Rizal changed his course from Philosophy and Letters to Medicine because Rizal believed his mother had an eyesight failure.
• Rizal's performance in UST was not as good as in Ateneo due to Dominican professors racial discrimination against Filipino students, and Rizal feeling disgusted at the primitive method used in UST.

Liberalism and Literary Works as a University Student

• Liberal ideas were introduced significantly in Manila.
• Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila initiated regular literary competitions.
• Rizal joined the contests and his "A La Juventud Filipina (To The Filipino Youth)" and "El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods)" were recognized as the best entry in the competition.
• "A La Juventud Filipina" is considered one of Rizal's best work.

"A La Juventud Filipina"

• The poem's theme is "Grow, O Timid Flower."
• Rizal expressed a desire to contribute to Spanish-Philippine society, but his work was rejected.

"El Consejo de los Dioses"

• The poem won in the literary contest of 1880.
• Filipino author so they decided to confer the grand prize to a Spaniard.
• "Junto Al Pasig" play request of the Jesuits, appeal to the Filipino youth to rebuke foreign individuals for causing misery.

"A Filipinas"

• In February 1880, Rizal wrote a sonnet dedicated to the Philippines that aimed at encouraging Filipino artists to thank the country through their art works.

Activism at UST

• Rizal stood as a leader in student activism.
• He led the creation of "Compañerismo," a secret group of Filipino students.
• Rizal disapproved of the faulty and outmoded system of education in the university.

Experiencing Spanish Brutality

• Rizal experienced Spanish brutality during his first summer vacation at Calamba after his freshman year in UST.
• He was whipped and slashed by a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil for not paying respect.
• Rizal wrote a complaint letter to Governor-General Primo de Rivera but the response was not helpful.

Rizal's Life Abroad

• Rizal went to Europe to widen his knowledge about potential cure for his mother's eyesight issue.

Barcelona

• Rizal initially planned to finish his medical course in Barcelona, Spain to study European society.

Love Of Country

• It has been said, that love, has always been the most powerful force behind the most, sublime actions.

Madrid

• On September 1882, Rizal moved to Madrid to continue studying.
• He took Philosophy and Letters in Medicine, and also enrolled at the Academy of San Carlos for painting and sculpture.
• He also took up shooting and fencing at the Hall of Sanz and Carbonell.
• Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano Filipino, a social organization to create reforms for the Philippines.

Circulo Hispano Filipino

• Even with a busy schedule, Rizal took to join his fellow Filipinos in Madrid.
• Influenced by Miguel Morayta, he became a member of freemasonry.
• Rizal's love interest in Madrid was Consuelo.

Life in Other Countries (Paris, Germany)

• Rizal arrived in Paris on November 1885 and decided to specialize in Ophthalmology.
• He also worked as an assistant in the Germans.
• Due to the high cost of living, Rizal moved to Germany and worked at the University Eye Hospital of Dr. Otto Becker.

Rizal's life in Berlin

• Rizal became member of the Anthropological, Ethnographic, and Geograhical Societies.
• Rizal faced challenging life in Berlin.
• During his time in Berlin, he planned to burn the manuscript of his first novel.
• Rizal and Voila visited several historical places and was accompanied by Dr. Welkomm.

Rizal Returned to Calamba

• Rizal lived five years of his life abroad and away from his loved ones.
• He returned home by way of Saigon, Vietnam, then transferred to steamer Haiphong.
• Rizal established a medical clinic and was called Doctor Uliman and treated his mother.
• August 30, 1887, Rizal invited to see Emilio Terrero as regards his Noli.
• By January 1888, Rizal was on a trip to Hong Kong.

Trip to Hong Kong

• Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on February 8,1888.
• He studied Chinese and became friend.

Trip To Japan and Short Romance with O-Sei-San

• Rial arrived Yokohama Japan Feb 28 188ffr a few days.
• Rizal appreciated clearness and industry.

Trip in United states

• Rizal stayed a short period as he experienced racial discrimination in United States.

Trip in London

• Rizal stayed in London in May 24 .
• He enhanced his knowledge on the English language, sought to have further study on Antonio Morga's.

Propaganda in the Philippines

• December 1888 , there met leaders of the Propaganda movement was on December 31, 1888
• Rizal continued essay La Solidraridad February 1888, that requested by Marcel H. del Pilar