Rizal and 19th-Century Philippines

Rizal in the 19th-Century Philippines

• The module aims to identify the social context of Rizal, analyze political, economic, and cultural changes in the 19th century, and explain their influence on Rizal.
• The section will also present the social, political, economic, and cultural contexts of 19th-century Philippines in which Rizal was situated.

Social Structure

• 19th-century Filipinos suffered from feudalism and were essentially slaves to the Spanish.
• Their social structure was ranked into three groups: the highest class, the middle class, and the lowest class.

Social Classes

• Highest class: Composed of Spanish officials, peninsulares, and friars.
  • Enjoyed positions of power and authority over Filipinos.
  • Peninsulares were Spaniards born in Spain held top government positions with the smallest population.
  • Friars are members of religious orders like Augustinians, Carmelites, Dominicans, and Franciscans.
• Middle class: Consisted of natives, mestizos, and creollos.
  • Mestizos are Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino or European or Chinese ancestry.
• Lowest class: Purely Filipinos, referred to as Indios.
  • Indios were poor Filipinos ruled by the Spaniards.
• Jose Rizal used the word Filipino to refer to all inhabitants of the country, regardless of their Spanish or Filipino blood.

Social Context and National Consciousness

• The life of José Rizal took place in the 19th century when Spain's colonial power was declining.
• The natives slowly awakened their national consciousness, sparked by movements against Spanish oppression.
• Previously, native inhabitants were called indios, while those with Spanish blood (Peninsulares, Insulares, and mestizos) were regarded as Filipinos.
• Events worldwide, including the Industrial Revolution, also contributed to the national consciousness influenced by Rizal and other ilustrados during the 19th century.
• Industrial Revolution in Europe with steam-powered manufacturing impacted the Philippine economy.

Political System

• The Philippines was governed by Spain through the Ministro de Ultramar based in Madrid.
• Filipinos were slaves of Spaniards in the 19th century.
• They claimed taxes and were under the power of the Spaniards.

Sources of Abuses

• Appointment of unqualified officials led to corruption, wasting Filipino money.
• Complicated functions across religious orders and the state.
• Acquiring positions through bribery, e.g., appointment made by the Governor-General.
• Term of office depends on the King's desire.
• Distance of the colony, Spain ignored the needs of the Philippines; inadequate supervision, overlapping powers, and privileges made officials competitive.
• Personal interest over the welfare of the State
• Corruption during the 19th century and the Alcaldias/Alcalde, which encompassed administrators, judges, and military commandants, were considered the most corrupt.

Central Government Structure

• Gobernador-General was the King of Spain's representative in government.
• Vice-Royal: Patron over religious affairs.
• Chief-executive: Issued proclamations.
• Ex-officio: President of the Royal Audiencia.
• Commander-in-chief: Head of the colonial armed forces.

Government Structure

• Provincial government (Alcadia): Headed by the Alcalde Mayor or Civil Governor.
• City government ( Cabildo or Ayuntamiento): Two alcaldes en-ordinario (heads)
• Local Government Unit (Pueblo or town): Headed by Gobernador Cillo or Town Mayor.
  • Served as chief executive and judge.
• Smallest Government Unit: Barangay or Barrio, headed by Cabeza de barangay
  • Collected taxes/tributes and received 2% of tax collection, plus 4% of Sanctorum.

Guardia Civil

• Organized in 1867 as a native police force led by Spanish officers.
• In the 1880s became a feared instrument for arresting persons denounced by friars.

Royal Audiencia

• Highest court in the colony, headed the judicial system.
• Served as auditor of government finances.
• High council which government affairs were referred to.

Frailocracia/Frailocracy

• Denotes "rule of the friars".

Educational System

• The educational system was criticized, emphasizing religious matters with obsolete teaching methods, a limited curriculum, and friar control.
• There was an absence of teaching materials, primary education was neglected, lack of academic freedom, and prejudice against Filipinos in higher learning schools.

Economic Development and Filipino Nationalism

• The opening of the country to foreign trade in the 18th century led to the rise of foreign firms in Manila.
• Stimulated agricultural exports like sugar, rice, hemp, and tobacco.
• As families prospered from foreign commerce, many sent their sons to Europe for education.
• Filipinos who studied abroad absorbed the intellectual development in Europe.

Factors Contributing to Development

• Opening the Philippines to International Trade and the Rise of the Middle Class.
  • Manila was opened to foreign trade which brought prosperity to the Filipinos and mestizos resulting to the existence of middle class.
• Influx of European Liberalism.
  • Philosophical ideas and movements such as masonry, the French Revolution, liberty, and suffrage reached Philippines.
• Opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869.
  • The Philippines became closer to Europe and Spain.
  • Encouraged European travelers to come to our country.
  • Exodus of literal ideas from Europe to the Philippines.
  • More Filipino men were able to study abroad.
• Enabling direct commercial relations with Spain rather than through Mexico.
• Spanish Revolution of 1868 and the Liberal Regime of Carlos Maria Dela Torre (1869-1871)
  • Queen Isabela II was overthrown, leading to liberalism in Spain.
• Generals Juan Prim and Francisco Serrano appointed dela Torre, a true democrat, as governor-general in the Philippines.
• Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873), the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the Execution of GomBurza (February 17, 1872)
• The Monarchy was restored, causing fear among locals

Key People and Events

• Isquierdo became governor-general who restores press censorship, restricted talk on political matters and secularization and disapproved establishment of art
• Cavite Mutiny occurred involving Filipino soldiers due to Izquierdo's policies
• GomBurza fought for Filipinization of parishes and champions of liberalism and humanitarianism

Quick Definitions

• Chinese mestizo- person of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry.
• principalia- ruling and usually educated upper class in Spanish colonial Philippines.
• Bachiller en Artes- Bachelor of Arts degree bestowed by colleges or universities.
• Spanish Cortes- Spain's lawmaking or legislative body.
• ilustrado- term translates to enlightened or the Filipinos educated in Europe.
• Masonry- fraternal organization which strives for moral betterment.

Rizal's Family

• José Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna, which was known for its agricultural prosperity and produce of sugar, rice, and an abundance of varied tropical fruits.
• His father, came from wealthy farmer who leased land and his earliest ancestors were Siang-co and Zun-nio, who later gave birth to Lam-co. who migrated to the Philippines in the late 1600s. -In 1697, he was baptized in Binondo, adopting “Domingo” as his first name and married Ines de la Rosa in Binondo.
• Domingo and Ines later settled as owners by the Dominicans.
• In 1731, they had a son whom they named Francisco Mercado and married Cirila Alejandra.

The Rizal Children

• José Rizal was the seventh among the eleven children of Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso.
• They are Saturnina, Paciano, Narcisa, Olimpia, Lucia, Maria, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad, and Soledad.

Childhood and Early Education

• Rizal had fond memories of his childhood in Calamba.
• His first teacher was his mother, Doña Teodora who taught him how to pray, and later, private tutors were hired for Rizal to formally educate him.
• One teacher, Leon Monroy, honed skills in basic Latin, reading, and writing.
• He left Calamba with his brother to study in Biñan where he met the teacher, Justiniano Aquino Cruz, who was also Paciano's former teacher.
• In Biñan, he excelled in Latin, and Spanish and also had painting lessons under Maestro Cruz' father-in-law, Juancho. He also returned to Calamba.

Student Of Manila

• Rizal was sent by his father to Ateneo Municipal, formerly known as Escuela Pia, for a six-year program, Bachiller en Artes.
• He followed the advice of his brother, Paciano, to use the name José Rizal Mercado, and was known to have links to Jose Burgos.
• He passed the oral examination on March 14, 1877 and graduated with a degree Bachiller en Artes, with the highest honors.
• Rizal was sent to the University of Santo Tomas (UST) enrolled in the course Philosophy and Letters as well as a vocational course in Ateneo that gave him the title perito agrimensor (expert surveyor) issued on November 25, 1881. -In his second year at UST, Rizal shifted his course to Medicine.
• In 1882, Rizal and Paciano would go to Europe to complete his medical studies and prepare for the great task of liberating the country from Spanish tyranny.

Rizal in Europe

• RIzal left the Philippines for Spain and very excited to learn new things
• Made sketches of his fellow passengers and of the things that he saw during his travels.
• He arrived during the summer vacation so he was able to meet up with former classmates in Ateneo who threw him a welcome party.
• Barcelona
• Diariong Tagalog where he used the pen name Laong Laan

Rizal in Madrid

• Enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at (presently the Universidad Complutense de Madrid) on November 3, 1882.
• Took lessons in painting and sculpture and also classes in French, English, and German

Accomplishments

• He was awarded with the degree and title of Licentiate in Medicine for passing the medical examinations in June 1884.
• He obtained the degree Licenciado en Filosofia y Letras on June 19, 1885 with a rating of sobresaliente.

Social Life

• Rizal made time for meeting fellow Filipinos in Madrid and formed the Circulo Hispano-Filipino.
• He also wrote some poems and completed half of his novel, *Noli Me Tángere in Madrid.
• In Madrid, Rizal was also exposed to Masons and joined the Masonry becoming a Master Mason at the Lodge Solidaridad on November 15, 1890.
• He had relations with Don Pablo's daughter.

Speciality and Training in Europe

• Rizal specialized in ophthalmology and trained under the leading ophthalmologists in Europe like Dr. Louis de Weckert of Paris for whom he worked as an assistant from October 1885 to March 1886.

During his stay in Germany

• Rizal befriended different scholars like Fredrich Ratzel; Ferdinand Blumentritt.
• Met with the people doing studies on Philippine culture, and mastered the German language, and also translated Schiller's William Tell into Tagalog in 1886.

Return To The Philippines

• After five years in Europe, Rizal went home to Calamba to visit with his family. He also kept himself busy by opening a medical clinic and curing the sick.
• He left the country for the second time on February 16, 1888 due to the persecution of the friars, and his second trip to Europe.

Propaganda and Second Trip To Europe

• Rizal became interested in the Propaganda Movement.
• The Propaganda movement campaigned for reforms such as
• Making the Philippines a province of Spain so that native Filipinos would have equal rights.
• Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes.
• Secularization of parishes.
• Rizal became preoccupied, writing articles and essays that would be published in the Propaganda Movement's newspaper

La solidaridad Key Works:

• Annotation of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1890)
• About the Filipinos “indolence" to different factors such as climate and social disorders.
• Essays called "Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años"

Further Novels

• He completed his second novel, El Filibusterismo and it was published in 1891.

Arrest and Exile

• Rizal decided to return to the Philippines , and founded the La Liga Filipina, a socio-civic organization July 3, 1892. -Just a few days after the Liga's formation, Rizal was got arrested and brought to Fort Santiago. -He was exiled to go to Dapitan in Mindanao, and set to board the steamer Cebu on July 17, 1892.

Exile In Dapitan

• Rizal was headed by Captain Ricardo Carnicero, who became a friend of Rizal during his exile.
• During the quiet of the place, Jose began to practice activities and the construction of a lot of things.
• With help from Ricardo Carnicero during a lottery Rizal won second prize and used winnings to purchase land approximately one kilometer away from Dapitan.

Daily Life in Dapitan

• The family lived square house made of bamboo, wood and nipa.

Contributions of Dapitan

• Made a big relief map of Mindanao in the plaza,constructed a water system to supply the town with water for drinking and irrigation
• George Taufer fell in love with Rial, and later lived in the octagonal house and were denied by the church.

Arrest and Execution

• Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited Rizal Dapitan and informed him about the founding of Katipunan , and Rizal objected.
• Rizal sent letters to Governor-General Ramon Blanco.

Trip to Cuba and Arrest

• Rizal's request to go to Cuba was approved, but there was an order to ship him back to Manila, where he was immediately brought to Fort Santiago.
• There was a preliminary investigation of the case.
• Rizal had a lawyer and gave what he could but on Dec 28, he was decreed to be executed.

Trial and Death

• On his last remaining days, Rizal went on to compose his longest poem, Mi Ultimo Adios, and gave his remaining possessions.
• He was later executed by firing squad, and offered his life for his country and its freedom.

Key Organizations from Chapter

• The chapter discusses evaluations, groups associated, and comparisons of Rizal

Vocalbulary

• Millenarian groups-socio-political movements who generally believe in the coming of a major social trasformation with the establishment of kingdom.
• Rizalsta-Religious movements that belives in the divinity

Religious Movements

• Jove Rex Al means the God King of All
• Colum Rizal as the Tagalog Christ
• Associated religious beliefs in the society were often symbols or representatives of a symbol or representation.

Veneration of Rizal

• Beliefs and celebrations venerate Rizal.
• They are likened with the story of death and have been a point in the Pasyon book.

Canonization Of Rizal

• Rooted in the Rizalistas and records about him were mentioned to say the saint.
• Were said by the Phillippine Indepedence Church.

Key Rizalista Organizations

• Adaminista- a woman preaching was said to start the new religion. The members believed what was said by the people around him, such as him being a god in many tales.
• Sambahan Rizal- The Rizal Church, was founded by late Basilio Aromin to honor Rizal
• *lgelsia Watawat ng Lati/- *The aassociation banner of the race (Filipino National Heroes) Rizal was the messenger of god.

Aims of Organization

• The main aims of the organization were as follows:
• God Over all
• Fellow man as one with themselves
• Motherland/ country should be praised, and the ideals and teachings of Jose Rizal were just as important

When a ill becomes law

• Goes through stages/ steps with houses of senate and houses in congress( two different houses will be signed and passed

Steps For The Pass of A Bill.

1. bill preparation.
2. houses of senate and house of representatives.
3. A committee meeting will be had.
4. The bill has passed.
5. Each house of the bill is transmitted to the next for full approval
6. The senate then decides for final pass.
7. The transmittence and final signed and approval.

The Law Making Process (Step by Step)

1. Bill Prep

• senators / representatives engage to write the law into bill

2. First read - Secretary of house reads title and bill to committee ( either of the house will determine what goes next in a public hearing
3. Committee will determine to conduct a public meeting- Agenda will have all details on whats the next line of action
4. Senate will read a committee report ( designate purpose and scope) Then forward to reading
5. Second read- All the readings are read by Senate or House ( speaker, etc)
6. The floor will speak in front of leaders and interpilate the speech
7. A vote decides how to go about decision
8. The third action bill is approved by what the leader decides , unless each house gave enough nod with measure
9. Conference : meeting with memebrs, action of action etc after