Risk and Resilience in Child Development

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of protective factors?

They are only found in family environments.

They consist solely of personal characteristics.

They always guarantee success in life.

They lead to positive adaptation to setbacks. (correct)

Which of the following is considered a personal characteristic that can act as a protective factor?

Teacher support

Sociability (correct)

Parenting style

Family resources

What is defined as a vulnerability factor?

A characteristic that enhances resilience.

An event that individuals have no control over.

An external support system for children.

A trait that leads to negative outcomes. (correct)

Which of the following options is a vulnerability factor related to family characteristics?

Inconsistent parenting style (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which domain does 'external support systems' belong to when discussing protective factors?

Environmental characteristics (C) Signup and view all the answers

Garmezy highlighted three broad sets of variables related to protective factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those sets?

Societal support variables (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does perceived control play in a child's development according to the concept of protective factors?

It can enhance resilience against stress. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a protective factor found in external support systems?

Friendships (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ammonia in the chemosensory system?

It aids in chemical signal processing. (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what stage is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) ready in preterm birds?

At 15 weeks. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of transnatal learning?

Learning in the womb. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do protective factors play in resilience?

They provide support that reduces stressors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which model focuses on the interactive relationship between protective factors and risk factors?

Moderator effect models (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the PASA model explain the brain's adaptation to aging?

By redistributing activity from posterior to anterior areas. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of risk-focused programs in resilience interventions?

Reducing risks (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a risk factor in child development?

Disrupted home situation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What significant aspect did Garmezy's research in the 1940s and 1950s focus on?

Competence of children with mentally ill parents. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding resilience as it relates to social competence?

Children often excel in one domain while struggling in another. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'resilience' in child psychology?

Positivity outcomes despite significant risk. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do process-oriented programs aim to improve?

Adjustment systems (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of resilience, what cannot be demonstrated in certain models if the population is both high risk and low risk?

Resilience (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of programs focus on enhancing the positive aspects of a child's life?

Asset-focused programs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the notable factors affecting children's performance in classrooms?

Comparing with peers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the shift in research focus to positive psychology in relation to resilience?

Resilience integrates the examination of multiple domains. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive ability is associated with high-functioning autism?

IQ > 85 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What key feature distinguishes Asperger syndrome from other types of autism regarding language?

No language delay (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that individuals with autism have trouble understanding others' thoughts and feelings?

Theory of mind hypothesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What age is ADHD typically diagnosed?

Around age 7 (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with low-functioning autism?

IQ < 70 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common attribute of children diagnosed with ADHD?

Excessive hyperactivity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does the central coherence hypothesis suggest about individuals with autism?

They struggle to process information globally (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which autism subgroup is characterized by having no language delay?

Asperger syndrome (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of Quality Circles (QSs) in addressing bullying?

To collect data and present findings on bullying (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning program?

Understanding the feelings associated with bullying (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do cooperative groups contribute to the issue of bullying?

They help build a group feeling but may still be affected by bullying (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention should be combined with assertiveness training for it to be effective?

Other supportive strategies (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the principles of the restorative justice strategy?

Restoring the life of the victim (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario does bullying most often occur according to the content?

In unsupervised areas like schoolyards or corridors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of supervision in bullying prevention?

To take immediate action when bullying occurs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about reactive strategies for dealing with bullying?

They are always effective in preventing future incidents (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons why children from impoverished families in Hawaii were able to build successful lives despite multiple risks?

Their parents provided a stable foundation for them to build on. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the effects of parental bereavement and parental divorce on children?

Parental divorce has a greater impact on children's overall development. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for children's development?

Exposure to a positive learning environment. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential long-term consequences of growing up in a single-parent family?

Greater susceptibility to developing mental health issues. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that exacerbates the negative impact of parental divorce on children?

The presence of ongoing conflict between the parents. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a protective factor that can mitigate the effects of risk factors on children?

Having a supportive social network. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea conveyed by the concept of the "intergenerational cycle of difficulties in relationships"?

Children from difficult family backgrounds are more prone to experiencing relationship challenges. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic that can make a child more vulnerable to negative outcomes when faced with challenging circumstances?

Exhibiting a predisposition to addiction. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Risk and Resilience in Development

Risk factors are stressors like poverty, poor upbringing, or disrupted homelife.
Resilience occurs when children experience positive outcomes despite significant risk.
Research by Garmezy in the 1940s-50s highlighted resilience in children of parents with severe mental illness.

Child Development Risk Factors

Childhood factors: Injuries, disabilities, low birth weight.
Family factors: Poor parenting, substance abuse, conflict, isolation.
School factors: Failure, negative peer groups, bullying.
Community factors: Violence, crime, lack of support.
Parental bereavement: Death of a parent is highly traumatic leading to lasting stress.

Protective Factors

Anything that helps reduce a child's vulnerability.
Examples include social skills, a stable family environment, supportive relationships with school/community.
A number of risk factors are elaborated in the book, the most important ones are given below.

Parental Psychological Disturbances

Parental mental health issues like depression can negatively impact children's development, especially in early childhood.
Children with parents experiencing such issues face increased risk of behavioral, social-emotional and cognitive problems.

Socioeconomic Risk

Child poverty strongly impacts a child's well-being and opportunities.
Poverty links to poor physical health, lower academic performance, and social-emotional problems.

Stressful Life Events

Daily stressors such as moving or unpleasant events affect children.
These may lead to emotional difficulties and even physical consequences like headaches.

Social context plays a major role in a child's risk.
Children in poor/violent neighborhoods face higher risk of exposure to delinquent peers and negative events.

Societal Mechanisms

Social discrimination, racism, inequality can undermine a child's development.
Teachers having low expectations of children from disadvantaged backgrounds, could affect their achievement.

Catastrophic Events

War, extreme poverty, natural disasters.
Children often struggle with the consequences, loss of loved ones, severe trauma.
Successful adjustment depends on the safety and support provided after the event.

Measurement of Risk

Cumulative Risk Models: Combining multiple stressors can lead to greater negative impact than a single risk.
Risk Specificity: The characteristics and effects of different risk factors matter.

Protective/Vulnerability Factors

Positive factors can limit a child's risk potential
Effective interventions aim to strengthen protective factors, mitigate vulnerability factors.

Personal Characteristics

Factor examples include intelligence, temperament, sociability, and perceived control.

Family Characteristics

Family factors, such as parenting styles, parent-child interactions, and family cohesion, also play a significant role.

External Support Systems

Friendships, teacher support, school resources, and neighbourhood cohesion are crucial aspects of a child's well-being.

Model of Risk/Resilience

The model evaluates the risk-resilience relationship, using interactive/main/mediator effects.

Developmental Outcomes

Analyzing the competence and maladjustment of children helps determine intervention targets.
Positive psychology plays an increasing role.
The resilience of a child is not only based on one social competence area, but rather on several.

Atypical Development Pathways

Problems in certain areas, like language, are considered typical developmental differences that need support
Early interventions are often more effective for problems detected in early childhood.

Bullying/School Refusal

Types of bullying include physical, verbal, and cyberbullying.
Causes of bullying are complex and can be associated with peer relationships, school climate, family/community context.
Interventions and reactive strategies such as Restorative Justice are strategies to address bullying.
School refusal can occur due to fears, phobias, or anxiety, often requiring a more holistic approach than addressing only the refusal to attend school

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Description

This quiz explores the critical concepts of risk and resilience in child development. It examines various factors that can affect children's growth, including family and community influences, as well as protective factors that can mitigate risks. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact to shape a child's future.