Rise of Nationalism in India
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Questions and Answers

In what year did Mahatma Gandhi champion Satyagraha following his arrival in India?

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Which of the following was NOT a key feature of the Satyagraha movement as championed by Mahatma Gandhi?

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What was a major consequence for India due to its involvement in World War I?

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What Satyagraha occurred in Champaran, Bihar, focusing on the forced indigo cultivation by British plantation owners?

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What year did the Rowlatt Satyagraha occur?

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Which event was a direct consequence of the Rowlatt Act?

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The Rowlatt Satyagraha's importance lies in its ___________.

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What drove Gandhiji to expand his movement beyond his initial Satyagrahas?

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Which of the following groups were not directly involved in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

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What was the key demand that led Gandhiji to launch the Salt Satyagraha?

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What was the main reason for the formation of the Swaraj Party?

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How did the Simon Commission contribute to the growing discontent among Indians?

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Which of the following events played a significant role in fostering a sense of national identity and unity among Indians?

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What was the main reason for the "No Rent Campaign" launched by poor peasants during the Civil Disobedience Movement?

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How did the Congress's focus on industrialists affect the participation of industrial workers in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

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What was the significance of the Poona Pact of 1932 in the context of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

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Which of the following was not a factor that fostered a sense of collective belonging and nationalism during the Indian independence movement?

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Which of the following individuals was a prominent leader of the Swaraj Party?

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What was the primary objective of the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement?

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Which event directly led to the suspension of the Rowlatt Satyagraha?

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What was the primary strategy adopted by the Non-Cooperation Movement to oppose British rule?

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The Non-Cooperation Movement aimed to achieve what objective?

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Which of the following was NOT a core principle of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

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What was the main reason for the decline in the Non-Cooperation Movement's momentum?

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What was the nature of the Gudem Hills movement led by Alluri Sitarama Raju?

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What was the key issue targeted by the Non-Cooperation movement in Avadh, led by Baba Ramchandra?

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What prompted the workers in Assam plantations to engage in the Non-Cooperation Movement?

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What was the catalyst for the end of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

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How did the Non-Cooperation Movement demonstrate the effectiveness of non-violent resistance?

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What was the lasting legacy of the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Non-Cooperation Movement?

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How did the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Non-Cooperation Movement influence the future of the Indian independence movement?

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Who emerged as a prominent leader during the Non-Cooperation Movement?

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What was the most significant impact of the Rowlatt Satyagraha?

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What was the primary impact of the Chorichora incident on the Non-Cooperation Movement?

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Flashcards

Non-Cooperation Movement

A mass protest movement in India from 1920 to 1922 against British rule.

Civil Disobedience Movement

A movement initiated by Gandhi between 1930 and 1934 to resist British laws non-violently.

Impact of WWI on India

India faced economic depressions, food shortages, forced recruitment, and increased poverty due to WWI.

Satyagraha

A non-violent resistance movement led by Gandhi based on truth and justice.

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Champaran Satyagraha

The first Satyagraha led by Gandhi in 1917 to oppose forced indigo cultivation.

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Kheda Satyagraha

A 1918 Satyagraha by Gandhi supporting peasants against high taxes and poor conditions.

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Rowlatt Act

A 1919 law allowing British authorities to imprison anyone suspected of sedition without trial.

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Rowlatt Satyagraha

A nationwide protest movement against the Rowlatt Act characterized by widespread demonstrations.

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Swaraj Party

Political party formed in 1923 advocating for participation in council politics.

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Simon Commission

1938 British commission sent to assess India's governance without Indian representation.

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Purna Swaraj

Declared complete independence by the Indian National Congress in 1929.

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Salt Satyagraha

Gandhi's 1930 campaign against the British salt tax, igniting civil disobedience.

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Participation of Rich Peasants

Rich peasants sought land revenue reduction but withdrew support later.

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Role of Women

Women participated but limited in support, encouraged to stay home.

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National Identity Symbols

Symbols like the tri-color flag fostered unity and national identity.

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Folk Tales and Nationalism

Stories promoting India's history and nationalism among the people.

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Poona Pact

Agreement negotiated in 1932 providing reserved seats for Dalits in legislation.

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Jallianwala Bagh massacre

An incident in 1919 where British troops fired on unarmed Indian protesters, killing hundreds.

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Swaraj

A term meaning self-rule or independence, aimed for by movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement.

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Khadi

Hand-spun cloth promoted in the Non-Cooperation Movement as an alternative to foreign goods.

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Chauri Chaura incident

A 1922 clash that led Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement due to escalating violence.

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Baba Ramchandra

Leader of the Avadh movement, opposing forced labor and advocating for peasant rights.

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Alluri Sitarama Raju

Tribal leader of the Gudem Hills who led a guerrilla movement against British forest laws.

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Inland Immigration Act

Legislation that restricted the movement of laborers, causing unrest in Assam plantations.

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Chorichora incident

A February 1922 violent clash that led to Gandhi cancelling the Non-Cooperation Movement.

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Indian National Congress

A key political party in India that worked towards independence and supported the movements.

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Non-violent resistance

A strategy used in movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement to achieve political goals without violence.

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Impact of movements

These movements intensified national unity and pushed towards Indian independence, changing public consciousness.

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Foundation for independence

The Rowlatt Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation Movement served as essential milestones in India's struggle for freedom.

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Study Notes

Rise of Nationalism In India

  • The session discusses the rise of nationalism in India, focusing on the non-cooperation movement (1920-1922) and the civil disobedience movement (1930-1934).
  • Understanding the backdrop of these influential movements is crucial.

Preceding Events

  • World War I (1914-1918) significantly impacted India.
  • WWI repercussions included: economic depression, food shortages/famines, forced recruitment, the Spanish Flu, and increased poverty due to wartime taxes.

Gandhiji's Arrival and Satyagraha

  • Mahatma Gandhi arrived from South Africa in 1915.
  • He championed Satyagraha, a non-violent resistance based on truth.
  • Key features of Satyagraha: non-violence, truth/justice, and non-cooperation.

Gandhiji’s Satyagrahas in India

  • Gandhiji led key Satyagrahas across India:
    • Champaran Satyagraha (1917): Against forced indigo cultivation in Bihar.
    • Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Supporting peasants against high land revenue and poor conditions in Gujarat.
    • Ahmedabad Satyagraha (1918): Supporting mill workers in Gujarat protesting low wages and poor conditions.

Limitations of Gandhiji's Satyagrahas

  • Early Satyagrahas were regionally focused, lacking broad national unity.
  • Gandhiji saw the need to build stronger national solidarity.

Rowlatt Satyagraha

  • The Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919) opposed the Rowlatt Act, allowing British imprisonment without trial.
  • This act was deeply unpopular in India.
  • Widespread protests and demonstrations fueled the movement.
  • The movement aimed for greater self-governance and freedom from British rule.
  • The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) ended the movement; British troops fired upon protesters in Amritsar, causing significant loss of life.
  • The massacre sparked outrage and violence, and prompted the Rowlatt Satyagraha to cease.
  • The Rowlatt Satyagraha, despite its short duration, powerfully demonstrated national unity and desire for freedom, impacting future movements.

Non-Cooperation Movement

  • The 1920 Non-Cooperation Movement aimed for Swaraj (self-rule) through non-violent opposition to British rule.
  • The movement employed a unified front across various sections of Indian society.
  • Core principles included: boycotting foreign goods (especially cloth), promoting khadi (hand-spun cloth), leaving government institutions/jobs, and surrendering titles/honors.
  • The movement's initial enthusiasm waned as sustained alternatives to British systems were lacking.
  • Varying regional and socioeconomic responses determined the movement's effectiveness.
  • Challenges included sustaining the movement and the British government's counter-actions.
  • The movement significantly increased Indian self-confidence and pushed for independence.
  • The Chauri Chaura incident (1922) led to its suspension; violent clashes between protesters and police resulted in loss of life.

Different Responses to the Non-Cooperation Movement

  • Diverse responses and interpretations of Swaraj characterized the movement.
  • Towns/cities experienced boycotts of foreign goods, adoption of Khadi, and withdrawal from government institutions/jobs.
  • Rural areas had varied responses, with differing motivations for participation.
  • The Gudem Hills movement (led by Alluri Sitarama Raju): Tribal leader using guerrilla warfare against the Madras Forest Act. Facing a setback with Raju's capture and death.
  • The movement in Avadh (led by Baba Ramchandra): Opposing forced labor (begar). Escalating violence; lost support and strength due to looting and burning.
  • Assam plantations (led by workers): Dissatisfaction with migration restrictions led to leaving plantations; many were captured and killed before reaching home.

The Chorichora Incident & the Non-Cooperation Movement's Downfall

  • The violence at Chorichora (1922) proved crucial.
  • Violent clashes between protesters and police led to a police station burning and casualties.
  • This incident clashed with Gandhi's philosophy of satyagraha (truth-force).
  • Gandhi called off the movement due to the violence, emphasizing non-violence.
  • The Non-Cooperation movement, despite the suspension, powerfully mobilized Indians and challenged British authority.
  • It established a significant foundation for future freedom movements.

The Legacy of the Rowlatt Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation Movement

  • These movements were pivotal steps in India's independence struggle.
  • They demonstrated widespread discontent, the power of non-violent resistance, and strengthened the Indian National Congress.
  • Gandhi emerged as a prominent leader.

The Swaraj Party

  • Formed in 1923, this Congress faction sought greater influence through council participation.
  • Key leaders included Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das.

The Simon Commission

  • A 1928 British commission reviewing the Government of India Act 1919.
  • Lack of Indian representation led to widespread protest ("Simon Go Back").

The Call for Purna Swaraj

  • The Indian National Congress declared "Purna Swaraj" (complete independence) in 1929.
  • January 26, 1930, was declared Independence Day.

The Salt Satyagraha

  • Launched in 1930, the Salt Satyagraha challenged the British salt tax.
  • Gandhi's letter to Lord Irwin outlining demands for salt tax abolition was disregarded.
  • The Dandi March (March 12-April 6, 1930) led to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
  • Gandhi's salt law breaking marked the movement's launch.

Participation and Limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement

  • Diverse participation, including rich/poor peasants, businessmen, industrial workers, and women.

  • Rich peasants withdrew support due to unmet demands.

  • Lack of Congress support hampered poor peasant success.

  • Businessmen/industrialists opposed the disruption.

  • Industrial workers faced marginalization.

  • Limited support from Gandhiji for women's involvement.

  • Muslims felt marginalized after the Non-Cooperation Movement.

  • Dalits, led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, sought separate electorates but faced opposition from Gandhiji.

  • The Poona Pact (1932) provided reserved seats for Dalits.

Building Collective Belonging and Nationalism

  • The nation's personification as "Bharat Mata" fostered a sense of unity.
  • Folk tales and widely recognized symbols promoted nationalism.
  • Reinterpretation of history highlighted India's past for nationalist pride.

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Description

This quiz explores the rise of nationalism in India, focusing on key movements such as the non-cooperation and civil disobedience movements. It delves into the historical context, including the impacts of World War I and the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi. Test your knowledge on these pivotal events that shaped India's struggle for independence.

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