Rise of Nationalism and Democracy

• Nationalism saw struggles of nations, arising from two great upheavals.

Revolutions

• The French Revolution (1779-1789) emphasized liberty, equality, and fraternity.
• The American Civil War (1861-1865) led to President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation on September 12, 1863, freeing slaves.

Spreading Democracy

• Between 1800-1825, some Spanish colonies revolted and gained independence.
• In 1830, Greeks won their independence from Turks.
• In 1861, Italy became free and united, attributed to the work of Camillo Cavour, Joseph Manzini, and Joseph Garibaldi.
• In 1861, Czar Alexander II of Russia issued a proclamation emancipating 2.5 million serfs.
• Benito Juarez, a Zapotec Indian, became President of Mexico.
• In 1867, Canada became self-governing.
• Germany was united under the leadership of Otto Von Bismark.
• In 1872, the execution of Gomburza took place.

Other Events Advancing Democracy

• The Third French Republic enacted laws promoting democracy.
• England extended suffrage, adopted the Cabinet system, making Ministers responsible to the House of Commons.
• British Colonies abolished slavery and provided funds for public education.
• Switzerland approved complete manhood suffrage.

Economic Aspect: Industrialization in the 19th Century

• Industrialization refers to a social organization dominated by large-scale industries.
• A shift occurred from manual labor to machine labor.
• A shift occurred from domestic labor to factory labor.
• Industrial Revolution generally applies to the transformation in production methods, transportation, and communication through substitution of manual labor to machines.
• Inventions and discoveries were factors that led to Industrialization

Characteristics of Industrialization

• There was a change from the age of tools to the age of machines.
• Substitution fo prime movers away from manual labor
• Machines were used to produce vast quantities cheaply and quickly

Philippines of Rizal's Time Under Spanish Rule

• Instability in the Colonial Administration.
• Official corruption was rampant.
• Filipinos lacked representation in the Spanish Cortez.
• Human rights were denied to Filipinos.
• There was no equality before the law.
• Maladministration of justice predominated.
• Racial discrimination was in effect.
• There was a frailocracy, a government controlled by friars
• Forced labor, tribute, and bandala were imposed
• The Guardia Civil enforced laws and suppressed dissent.

Examine the rise of nationalism and democracy, fueled by the French Revolution and the American Civil War. It discusses independence movements in Spanish colonies and Greece, the unification of Italy and Germany, and democratic advancements in Russia and Mexico. Also including the growth of democracy in Canada.