Schools of thought in Criminology Part 1
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Questions and Answers

According to classical criminology, what is the basis for all human behavior?

  • Biological forces
  • Social forces
  • The pleasure-pain principle (correct)
  • Psychological forces

    • What is the focus of positivist criminology?

  • The law
  • The criminal (correct)
  • The punishment
  • The victim

    • What is the main argument of critical criminology?

  • All crimes should be punished equally
  • Crime is a product of free will
  • The crimes of the powerful go unpunished (correct)
  • The crimes of the working class are insignificant

    • According to the classical school of thought, what is the basis for human behavior?

    <p>Hedonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classical school's view on punishment?

    <p>Punishment should be proportionate to the crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the classical school and the neo-classical school of thought?

    <p>The neo-classical school challenges the classical view of human nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Beccaria, what is the major principle that should govern legislation?

    <p>The greatest happiness for the greatest numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main instrument of control of human behavior according to social contract thinkers?

    <p>Fear, especially fear of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Beccaria, what is the key to preventing crime through deterrence?

    <p>Making the punishment greater than the criminal act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the social process approach to criminology?

    <p>The view that criminal behavior is a result of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of criminological theory according to the text?

    <p>To provide logical explanations of an area of interest by fitting the discovered facts into a coherent pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is postmodernism in criminology according to the text?

    <p>A movement suggesting that there is no longer any chance of developing one general theory of crime or one dominant narrative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of the classical school's assumptions about human behavior?

    <p>People are much more complex than assumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to classical criminology, humans were believed to be essentially rational people whose reasoning powers placed them far above animals. What was the basis of this perspective?

    <p>Humans have free will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the physical and natural sciences and criminology and the social/behavioural sciences?

    <p>The physical and natural sciences have few competing theories, while criminology and the social/behavioural sciences have many competing theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the problem with the French Code of 1791, according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the social contract according to classical criminology?

    <p>An unwritten agreement that emerged during the Renaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neoclassical school, as described in the text?

    <p>A school of thought that made several revisions of the classical approach to account for practical problems in the administration of justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bartol, how do neo-classicists differ from 'pure' classicists in terms of personal responsibility?

    <p>Neo-classicists argue that personal responsibility can be inhibited by various conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental goal of the crime control model, according to the text?

    <p>Subjugation of crime through robust law enforcement, strict enforcement of the law, and harsh punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the crime control model and the due process model?

    <p>The crime control model emphasizes protecting citizens from crime, while the due process model emphasizes protecting the civil liberties of citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that would be taken into consideration when determining the suitability of imprisonment for an offender?

    <p>The offender's past record, the degree of incompetence, insanity of the offender, and the impact of age on criminal responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of recognizing that not all offenders possess the same degree of 'free will'?

    <p>Not every offender is suitable for imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking into consideration the impact of age on criminal responsibility?

    <p>To ensure that younger offenders receive more lenient punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that may make an offender unsuitable for imprisonment?

    <p>The degree of incompetence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of recognizing that not all offenders possess the same degree of 'free will'?

    <p>Not every offender is suitable for imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that may be taken into consideration when determining the offender's degree of incompetence?

    <p>The offender's mental state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of recognizing that not all offenders possess the same degree of 'free will'?

    <p>Not every offender is suitable for imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking into consideration the offender's past record?

    <p>To determine the offender's likelihood of committing future crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of recognizing that not all offenders possess the same degree of 'free will'?

    <p>Not every offender is suitable for imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classical and Positivist Criminology

    • Classical criminology views human behavior as fundamentally rational, with decisions driven by a cost-benefit analysis.
    • Positivist criminology focuses on scientific investigation and suggests that behavior is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors beyond individual control.

    Critical Criminology

    • The main argument of critical criminology emphasizes the influence of social structures and power dynamics in shaping criminal behavior.

    Classical School of Thought

    • According to classical theory, punishment should be proportionate to the crime as a means of deterring future offenses.
    • Classical school highlights that crime results from free will and rational choices, diverging from deterministic views.

    Differences Between Classical and Neo-Classical Schools

    • The neo-classical school acknowledges varying degrees of personal responsibility, incorporating considerations such as mental state and circumstances of the offender.

    Beccaria's Contributions

    • Beccaria advocated for laws to be based on the principle of utility, promoting the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
    • He posited that swift and certain punishments are key to achieving deterrence and reducing crime.

    Social Contract and Control of Behavior

    • Social contract thinkers argue that the moral and legal order is based on a collective agreement to form a society, which governs behavior.

    Social Process Approach

    • The social process approach involves examining how socialization and interaction with various societal institutions influence criminal behavior.

    Purpose of Criminological Theory

    • Criminological theory aims to understand, predict, and explain criminal behavior, providing a foundation for the development of policies and interventions.

    Postmodernism in Criminology

    • Postmodernism critiques traditional methods and assumptions in criminology, advocating for a pluralistic approach that considers diverse perspectives and contexts.

    Criticisms of Classical School Assumptions

    • A primary criticism of classical assumptions is the oversimplification of human behavior, failing to account for psychological and social complexities.

    Differences in Sciences

    • Criminology and social/behavioral sciences differ from physical and natural sciences due to the former’s focus on human behavior, influenced by subjective and variable factors.

    French Code of 1791 Issues

    • The French Code of 1791 faced criticism for its rigid classifications and failure to account for differing circumstances of offenders.

    Neoclassical School Overview

    • The neoclassical school incorporates elements of classical theory while recognizing the importance of contextual factors influencing behavior.

    Crime Control vs. Due Process Models

    • The crime control model prioritizes the swift and effective punishment of offenders, focusing on public safety.
    • In contrast, the due process model emphasizes individual rights and fair legal procedures.

    Suitability of Imprisonment

    • Factors include the nature of the crime, the offender’s background, psychological assessment, and potential for rehabilitation.

    Recognition of Free Will Variances

    • Acknowledging that offenders may possess varying degrees of free will is significant for understanding criminal accountability and tailoring interventions.

    Considerations for Age and Past Record

    • Assessing age can inform responsibilities and maturity levels, influencing the approach to punishment.
    • An offender's criminal history is relevant in evaluating recidivism risk and suitability for rehabilitation or incarceration.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the protection of individual rights in the criminal process and the criticisms of the classical school of thought. Learn about legal counsel, unbiased treatment, and limitations on discretion by criminal justice personnel.

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