The Psychology Of Crime (Forensic)

According to classical criminology, why do people choose to commit crimes?

According to positivist criminology, what factors did they emphasize in determining criminal behavior?

Which of the following is NOT a concept emphasized by philosophers and social critics in the 1700s to explain criminal conduct?

Who were the two leading proponents of classical criminology?

What did Sir Francis Bacon argue about crime in the 17th century?

According to the text, who was an early positivist theorist that studied crime data and concluded that crime occurred more often in certain geographic areas and under specific social conditions?

According to the text, which theorists emphasized the physical characteristics of criminals and proposed a strong biological predisposition to crime?

According to the text, what did positivists believe about punishment?

According to the text, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a legacy of the positivist tradition in criminology?

According to the text, which crimes have criminologists mostly concentrated on?

Which theories of crime incorporate a combination of environmental and biological factors?

Which theories of crime stress genetic influences, neuropsychological abnormalities, and biochemical irregularities?

According to some psychological theories, what personality attributes may result in criminal behavior?

Which theories bridge the gap between the environmentalism of sociology and the individualism of psychological or biological theories?

Which theories of crime propose that crime is the result of an ego and superego that are too weak to control the sexual and aggressive instincts of the id?

According to structural theories of crime, what is emphasized as the cause of criminal behavior?

According to subcultural theories of crime, what is the product of a subculture's deviation from accepted norms?

According to Cloward and Ohlin's theory of differential opportunity, what do people in lower socioeconomic subcultures usually want to succeed through?

According to the theory of differential opportunity, why do lower-class black youth engage in crime?

According to the theory of subcultural explanations, what causes criminal behavior in gangs?

According to Walter Miller's theory of focal concerns, what are the basic values of lower-class adolescent gangs?

According to the text, what is the main concern with subcultural explanations of crime?

What questions remain unanswered about cultural standards, according to the text?

What do some critics of subcultural explanations reject, according to the text?

What is a key concern with subcultural explanations, according to the text?

According to adoption studies, men whose biological parents had a criminal record were how many times more likely to be criminal themselves?

Which enzyme, when absent, affects important neurotransmitters and has been linked to impulsive aggression?

What is the prevalence rate of criminality among adoptees with no criminal background?

Which brain region has been linked to the experience of negative emotions and has shown excessive activity in homicide offenders?

What region of the brain is responsible for planning, monitoring, and controlling behavior, and has been associated with antisocial behavior?

What do biological theories of crime search for?

In twin studies, how are monozygotic twins different from dizygotic twins?

What did a study of 274 adult twin pairs find about heritability of violent behaviors?

Do heredity and environment play a role in both property crimes and violent crimes?

What do biological theorists believe translates genetic vulnerabilities into specific criminal behavior?

Damage to the prefrontal cortex may lead to criminal behavior in several ways. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways?

Which of the following is a physiological factor that might lead to increased aggressiveness and delinquency?

What is one of the dimensions of personality that is related to antisocial behavior?

What might low levels of serotonin be linked to in relation to aggressiveness and criminal conduct?

What did one study using animal models find about rats with increased production of testosterone and lower levels of serotonin?

According to psychoanalytic theories, what is the most commonly blamed factor for producing a defective ego or superego that leads to criminal behavior?

According to psychoanalysts, why do some criminals engage in criminal behavior?

According to other psychoanalysts, what is criminal behavior a means of obtaining substitute gratification for?

According to John Bowlby, what is the main cause of more intractable cases of delinquency and repetitive crime?

According to Samuel Yochelson and Stanton E. Samenow, what is the fundamental difference between criminals and non-criminals?

According to personality-based explanations, which personality dimension is associated with being active, aggressive, and impulsive?

What percentage of a correctional sample could be classified as psychopathic, according to one study mentioned in the text?

What is one criticism of using the PCL and revised versions of the instrument as diagnostic tools in legal decisions?

What does the evidence suggest about the effect of expert testimony about an offender's psychopathy or psychopathic traits on the severity of court's disposition?

Which personality trait interferes with efficient learning and leads to greater restlessness and drive to carry out behavior of all sorts, including crimes?

Which personality trait is associated with individuals who engage in frequent, repetitive criminal activity for which they feel little or no remorse?

What is the closest diagnostic label to psychopathy?

According to the integrated study, which factors of the Hare Psychopathy Checklists were moderately associated with increased antisocial conduct?

What did the study find about the association between Checklist scores and offending in different settings?

Which theory suggests that psychopathic individuals have a deficiency in the left hemisphere of their brains that impairs executive function?

According to the social labeling approach, why are some lawbreakers more likely to be caught and 'criminalized' than others?

What does the social labeling approach primarily explain about criminal behavior?

What is a prerequisite for secondary deviance to occur?

What does the social labeling approach not explain about criminal behavior?

What persists despite the names we call them?

What does the social labeling approach raise our awareness about?

What are some lawbreakers more likely to be caught and 'criminalized' than others?

What does the social labeling approach remind us about some lawbreakers?

What usually has to occur before secondary deviance takes its toll?

What do behavioral differences between people persist despite?

What is the implication of the integrative model mentioned in the text?

Why is prevention important in fighting the 'crime problem'?

What are some of the processes that the text mentions as pathways to deviance?

What is the likely outcome for some individuals who are arrested and incarcerated, according to the text?

What is one of the reasons why preventing crime is considered more effective than rehabilitating criminals, according to the text?

What can treatment programs help individuals with in order to turn their lives around?

What is the main focus of prevention programs in fighting the 'crime problem'?

What are some of the factors that contribute to the pathways of deviance?

What is the likely outcome for individuals who have a protracted history of learning antisocial behavior, rejecting prosocial behavior, and facing closed doors to legitimate opportunity, according to the text?

What are some of the areas in which prevention programs can intervene to interrupt processes that lead to antisocial lifestyles?

Which of the following is NOT a biological risk factor for criminal behavior?

Which of the following is NOT a psychological variable that may contribute to criminal behavior?

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of crime-causing environments?

Which of the following is NOT a potential antecedent condition for repeated offending?

Which of the following is NOT a personality trait mentioned as a vulnerability to crime?

Which of the following is NOT a factor that may contribute to the translation of biological or psychological predispositions toward criminal behavior?

Which of the following factors can contribute to aggression in children?

What is a common long-term adjustment problem for youth identified as at risk in childhood?

What are some early indicators of antisocial behavior in children?

What did a long-term longitudinal study find about aggression in childhood?

What is a key factor that predicts delinquency in adolescence?

What do developmental processes depend on in terms of criminal offending?

What is one factor that can contribute to an increase in criminal behavior among youth?

What is one possible effect of exposure to TV violence on children?

What is one way in which substance abuse can contribute to criminal behavior?

What is one maintenance factor that can contribute to the entrenchment of violent offending?

What is one consequence of repeated substance abuse during adolescence?

What is one factor that can contribute to the compounding of developmental processes leading to criminal behavior?

According to the integrative model mentioned in the text, what is a better way of fighting the 'crime problem' than rehabilitating criminals?

Why is prevention important in fighting the 'crime problem'?

What are some of the factors that contribute to the pathways of deviance?

What can treatment programs help individuals with in order to turn their lives around?

What is the likely outcome for some individuals who are arrested and incarcerated?

Why will some repeat offenders not yield easily to attempts to suppress criminal conduct?

What are the pathways to deviance that must be blocked early?

Which theory proposes that certain groups adhere to norms that conflict with the values of others in society and encourage criminal conduct?

What are the six basic values listed in Walter Miller's theory of focal concerns?

Which theory emphasizes chronic barriers to conventional success that certain people face, such as cultural and language differences, financial hardships, and limited access to resources crucial to upward mobility?

What does the theory of subcultural explanation propose about the criminal activities of lower-class adolescent gangs?

What do biological theories of crime search for?

What is the main implication of anomie theory?

Who is the chief proponent of the theory that most human behavior is learned through observation and modeling?

Which social contexts does the theory of modeling of aggression emphasize?

Which book is an example of a multiple-component learning theory?

According to the social labeling theory, what creates deviance?

What is the distinction made by the social labeling theory between primary and secondary deviance?

According to the multiple-component learning theory, what determines whether a crime is committed?

What is the main focus of the social labeling theory?

What are the two divisions of sociological theories of crime?

What does the theory of differential opportunity assume about people in lower socioeconomic subcultures?

What is one limitation of the theory of differential opportunity?

What do sociological theories of crime emphasize?

What does the theory of differential opportunity suggest about people in lower socioeconomic subcultures?

What is one outgrowth of the sequence proposed by the theory of differential opportunity?

Which theory emphasizes that criminals engage in a fundamentally different way of thinking than non-criminals?

According to Eysenck's Theory of Personality Dimensions, which personality dimension is associated with a higher risk for criminality?

Which theory suggests that disruptions of the attachment between mother and infant or parental rejection of the developing child contribute to delinquency and repetitive crime?

According to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, what is the motive behind criminal behavior?

Which theory views criminal behavior as a learned response resulting from classical conditioning, reinforcement, observation or modeling, and social labeling?

According to Control Theories, what is the main factor that prevents people from behaving antisocially?