The Psychology Of Crime (Forensic)
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Questions and Answers

According to classical criminology, why do people choose to commit crimes?

  • Because they have no other choice
  • Because they believe the gains from crime outweigh the losses (correct)
  • Because they are influenced by their environment
  • Because they are genetically predisposed to criminal behavior

    • According to positivist criminology, what factors did they emphasize in determining criminal behavior?

  • Religious beliefs
  • Sociological factors (correct)
  • Environmental factors
  • Free will

    • Which of the following is NOT a concept emphasized by philosophers and social critics in the 1700s to explain criminal conduct?

  • Religious beliefs (correct)
  • Hedonism
  • Free will
  • Flaws in the social contract

    • Who were the two leading proponents of classical criminology?

    <p>Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sir Francis Bacon argue about crime in the 17th century?

    <p>Opportunity makes a thief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, who was an early positivist theorist that studied crime data and concluded that crime occurred more often in certain geographic areas and under specific social conditions?

    <p>Adolphe Quetelet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theorists emphasized the physical characteristics of criminals and proposed a strong biological predisposition to crime?

    <p>Lombroso</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what did positivists believe about punishment?

    <p>Punishment should fit the criminal rather than the crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a legacy of the positivist tradition in criminology?

    <p>Political ideologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which crimes have criminologists mostly concentrated on?

    <p>Violent acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theories of crime incorporate a combination of environmental and biological factors?

    <p>Social-psychological theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theories of crime stress genetic influences, neuropsychological abnormalities, and biochemical irregularities?

    <p>Biological theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to some psychological theories, what personality attributes may result in criminal behavior?

    <p>Pro-criminal attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theories bridge the gap between the environmentalism of sociology and the individualism of psychological or biological theories?

    <p>Social-psychological theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theories of crime propose that crime is the result of an ego and superego that are too weak to control the sexual and aggressive instincts of the id?

    <p>Psychological theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to structural theories of crime, what is emphasized as the cause of criminal behavior?

    <p>Inadequate schooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to subcultural theories of crime, what is the product of a subculture's deviation from accepted norms?

    <p>Anomie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cloward and Ohlin's theory of differential opportunity, what do people in lower socioeconomic subcultures usually want to succeed through?

    <p>Legal means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theory of differential opportunity, why do lower-class black youth engage in crime?

    <p>Because they have a desire to gain financial resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theory of subcultural explanations, what causes criminal behavior in gangs?

    <p>A desire to achieve the ends valued in their culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Walter Miller's theory of focal concerns, what are the basic values of lower-class adolescent gangs?

    <p>Trouble, toughness, and autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the main concern with subcultural explanations of crime?

    <p>They do not consider cultural standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What questions remain unanswered about cultural standards, according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some critics of subcultural explanations reject, according to the text?

    <p>The assumption that different socioeconomic groups embrace different values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concern with subcultural explanations, according to the text?

    <p>The inability to explain individual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to adoption studies, men whose biological parents had a criminal record were how many times more likely to be criminal themselves?

    <p>Four times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme, when absent, affects important neurotransmitters and has been linked to impulsive aggression?

    <p>Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence rate of criminality among adoptees with no criminal background?

    <p>2.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region has been linked to the experience of negative emotions and has shown excessive activity in homicide offenders?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the brain is responsible for planning, monitoring, and controlling behavior, and has been associated with antisocial behavior?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do biological theories of crime search for?

    <p>Genetic vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In twin studies, how are monozygotic twins different from dizygotic twins?

    <p>Monozygotic twins have identical genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study of 274 adult twin pairs find about heritability of violent behaviors?

    <p>50% heritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do heredity and environment play a role in both property crimes and violent crimes?

    <p>Yes, but heredity has a higher influence on property crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do biological theorists believe translates genetic vulnerabilities into specific criminal behavior?

    <p>Social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the prefrontal cortex may lead to criminal behavior in several ways. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways?

    <p>Impaired functioning in the autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physiological factor that might lead to increased aggressiveness and delinquency?

    <p>Low levels of testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the dimensions of personality that is related to antisocial behavior?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might low levels of serotonin be linked to in relation to aggressiveness and criminal conduct?

    <p>Greater impulsivity and irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did one study using animal models find about rats with increased production of testosterone and lower levels of serotonin?

    <p>They exhibited more aggressive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to psychoanalytic theories, what is the most commonly blamed factor for producing a defective ego or superego that leads to criminal behavior?

    <p>Inadequate identification by a child with his or her parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to psychoanalysts, why do some criminals engage in criminal behavior?

    <p>To alleviate feelings of guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to other psychoanalysts, what is criminal behavior a means of obtaining substitute gratification for?

    <p>Basic needs such as love, nurturance, and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to John Bowlby, what is the main cause of more intractable cases of delinquency and repetitive crime?

    <p>Parental rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Samuel Yochelson and Stanton E. Samenow, what is the fundamental difference between criminals and non-criminals?

    <p>Criminals have a fundamentally different way of thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to personality-based explanations, which personality dimension is associated with being active, aggressive, and impulsive?

    <p>Extroversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a correctional sample could be classified as psychopathic, according to one study mentioned in the text?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism of using the PCL and revised versions of the instrument as diagnostic tools in legal decisions?

    <p>The reliance on inaccurate information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the evidence suggest about the effect of expert testimony about an offender's psychopathy or psychopathic traits on the severity of court's disposition?

    <p>It increases the severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait interferes with efficient learning and leads to greater restlessness and drive to carry out behavior of all sorts, including crimes?

    <p>High neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with individuals who engage in frequent, repetitive criminal activity for which they feel little or no remorse?

    <p>High psychoticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the closest diagnostic label to psychopathy?

    <p>Antisocial personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the integrated study, which factors of the Hare Psychopathy Checklists were moderately associated with increased antisocial conduct?

    <p>Both Factor 1 and Factor 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study find about the association between Checklist scores and offending in different settings?

    <p>Checklist scores were more strongly associated with offending in the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that psychopathic individuals have a deficiency in the left hemisphere of their brains that impairs executive function?

    <p>The cortical immaturity theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the social labeling approach, why are some lawbreakers more likely to be caught and 'criminalized' than others?

    <p>Because they live in crime-ridden neighborhoods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the social labeling approach primarily explain about criminal behavior?

    <p>Secondary deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prerequisite for secondary deviance to occur?

    <p>Developing a life of crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the social labeling approach not explain about criminal behavior?

    <p>Primary deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What persists despite the names we call them?

    <p>Behavioral differences between people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the social labeling approach raise our awareness about?

    <p>Difficulties offenders face in returning to society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some lawbreakers more likely to be caught and 'criminalized' than others?

    <p>Those who live in crime-ridden neighborhoods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the social labeling approach remind us about some lawbreakers?

    <p>Difficulties offenders face in returning to society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What usually has to occur before secondary deviance takes its toll?

    <p>Developing a life of crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do behavioral differences between people persist despite?

    <p>The names we call them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the integrative model mentioned in the text?

    <p>Preventing crime is more effective than rehabilitating criminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is prevention important in fighting the 'crime problem'?

    <p>To interrupt processes that lead to antisocial lifestyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the processes that the text mentions as pathways to deviance?

    <p>Experimenting with alcohol and drugs, dwelling on violent media and subcultures, dropping out of school, failing at legitimate employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome for some individuals who are arrested and incarcerated, according to the text?

    <p>They will continue to offend throughout their lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons why preventing crime is considered more effective than rehabilitating criminals, according to the text?

    <p>Repeat offenders are resistant to attempts to suppress criminal conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can treatment programs help individuals with in order to turn their lives around?

    <p>Strengthen their social skills, build better cognitive controls, model prosocial behavior, reinforce law-abiding conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of prevention programs in fighting the 'crime problem'?

    <p>Identifying at-risk youth and intervening in multiple areas to interrupt processes that lead to antisocial lifestyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the factors that contribute to the pathways of deviance?

    <p>Hostile environments and the decisions of youth themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome for individuals who have a protracted history of learning antisocial behavior, rejecting prosocial behavior, and facing closed doors to legitimate opportunity, according to the text?

    <p>They will not easily yield to attempts to suppress criminal conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the areas in which prevention programs can intervene to interrupt processes that lead to antisocial lifestyles?

    <p>Individuals, families, schools, peer groups, and neighborhoods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a biological risk factor for criminal behavior?

    <p>High levels of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a psychological variable that may contribute to criminal behavior?

    <p>High levels of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of crime-causing environments?

    <p>Low levels of alcohol and substance abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential antecedent condition for repeated offending?

    <p>Social skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a personality trait mentioned as a vulnerability to crime?

    <p>High levels of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that may contribute to the translation of biological or psychological predispositions toward criminal behavior?

    <p>High levels of empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can contribute to aggression in children?

    <p>Genetic influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common long-term adjustment problem for youth identified as at risk in childhood?

    <p>Drug and alcohol abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some early indicators of antisocial behavior in children?

    <p>Oppositional defiant disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a long-term longitudinal study find about aggression in childhood?

    <p>It predicts violence in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that predicts delinquency in adolescence?

    <p>Poor school achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do developmental processes depend on in terms of criminal offending?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that can contribute to an increase in criminal behavior among youth?

    <p>Poor parental monitoring and supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible effect of exposure to TV violence on children?

    <p>Increase in aggressive attitudes and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way in which substance abuse can contribute to criminal behavior?

    <p>Increased association with deviant peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one maintenance factor that can contribute to the entrenchment of violent offending?

    <p>Short-run positive payoffs for offending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of repeated substance abuse during adolescence?

    <p>Decreased options for prosocial behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that can contribute to the compounding of developmental processes leading to criminal behavior?

    <p>Impulsive, low IQ child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the integrative model mentioned in the text, what is a better way of fighting the 'crime problem' than rehabilitating criminals?

    <p>Preventing crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is prevention important in fighting the 'crime problem'?

    <p>To interrupt the processes that lead to antisocial behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the factors that contribute to the pathways of deviance?

    <p>Experimenting with alcohol and drugs, dwelling on violent media and subcultures, dropping out of school, failing at legitimate employment, and associating with other lawbreakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can treatment programs help individuals with in order to turn their lives around?

    <p>Strengthen their social skills, build better cognitive controls, model prosocial behavior, and reinforce law-abiding conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome for some individuals who are arrested and incarcerated?

    <p>They will continue to offend throughout their lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why will some repeat offenders not yield easily to attempts to suppress criminal conduct?

    <p>Due to a protracted history of learning antisocial behavior, rejecting prosocial behavior, and facing closed doors to legitimate opportunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pathways to deviance that must be blocked early?

    <p>Experimenting with alcohol and drugs, dwelling on violent media and subcultures, dropping out of school, failing at legitimate employment, and associating with other lawbreakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that certain groups adhere to norms that conflict with the values of others in society and encourage criminal conduct?

    <p>Subcultural Version of Sociological Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the six basic values listed in Walter Miller's theory of focal concerns?

    <p>Trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, and autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes chronic barriers to conventional success that certain people face, such as cultural and language differences, financial hardships, and limited access to resources crucial to upward mobility?

    <p>Structural Barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of subcultural explanation propose about the criminal activities of lower-class adolescent gangs?

    <p>They are an attempt to achieve the ends valued in their culture through behaviors that appear best suited to obtain those ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do biological theories of crime search for?

    <p>Genetic vulnerabilities, neuropsychological abnormalities, or biochemical irregularities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main implication of anomie theory?

    <p>Unlimited aspirations pressure individuals to deviate from social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the chief proponent of the theory that most human behavior is learned through observation and modeling?

    <p>Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social contexts does the theory of modeling of aggression emphasize?

    <p>Familial influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which book is an example of a multiple-component learning theory?

    <p>Crime and Human Nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the social labeling theory, what creates deviance?

    <p>Labels assigned by society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction made by the social labeling theory between primary and secondary deviance?

    <p>Primary deviance is the criminal's actual behavior, while secondary deviance is society's reaction to the offensive conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the multiple-component learning theory, what determines whether a crime is committed?

    <p>The net ratio of gains and losses for criminal and noncriminal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the social labeling theory?

    <p>The labels that society assigns to certain acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two divisions of sociological theories of crime?

    <p>Structural and subcultural explanations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of differential opportunity assume about people in lower socioeconomic subcultures?

    <p>They endorse conventional, middle-class goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of the theory of differential opportunity?

    <p>Lower-class youth tend to show differences as early as the beginning of elementary school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sociological theories of crime emphasize?

    <p>The societal conditions that enable crime to thrive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of differential opportunity suggest about people in lower socioeconomic subcultures?

    <p>They usually want to succeed through legal means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outgrowth of the sequence proposed by the theory of differential opportunity?

    <p>Youthful crime, especially in gangs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes that criminals engage in a fundamentally different way of thinking than non-criminals?

    <p>Yochelson and Samenow's Theory of Criminal Thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Eysenck's Theory of Personality Dimensions, which personality dimension is associated with a higher risk for criminality?

    <p>Psychoticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that disruptions of the attachment between mother and infant or parental rejection of the developing child contribute to delinquency and repetitive crime?

    <p>Bowlby's Attachment Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, what is the motive behind criminal behavior?

    <p>Compulsive need for punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory views criminal behavior as a learned response resulting from classical conditioning, reinforcement, observation or modeling, and social labeling?

    <p>Learning Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Control Theories, what is the main factor that prevents people from behaving antisocially?

    <p>External containment</p> Signup and view all the answers

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