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Ribosomes and Nonstandard Amino Acids Quiz

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Ribosomes and Nonstandard Amino Acids Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide?

Phosphate, deoxyribose, uracil

Phosphate, ribose, thymine

Phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base (correct)

Phosphate, ribose, adenine

Which nitrogen base is found in DNA but not in RNA?

Cytosine

Uracil

Adenine

Thymine (correct)

How do the nitrogen bases pair up in DNA and RNA?

A pairs with G, T pairs with C

A pairs with U, G pairs with T or C

A pairs with T or U, G pairs with C (correct)

A pairs with C, G pairs with T or U

What does the nucleotide sequence of DNA encode?

The information that cells need to survive (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can the stop codon UGA encode under specific circumstances?

A nonstandard amino acid called selenocysteine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation start in eukaryotes?

In the cytoplasm (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition has been associated with mutations or deficiencies in proteins containing selenocysteine?

Cancer (C) Signup and view all the answers

What nonstandard amino acid can be incorporated into proteins under specific circumstances using the stop codon UAG?

Pyrrolysine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between constitutive and facultative genes?

Constitutive genes are always expressed, while facultative genes are only expressed under certain conditions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic role of transcription factors in regulation?

Transcription factors control gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of an operon and how do inducible and repressible operons differ?

Inducible operons consist of a promoter, operator, and regulatory gene; repressible operons consist of a promoter, operator, and repressor gene (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does quorum sensing enhance bacterial survival in relation to protein synthesis?

Quorum sensing enables bacterial cells to communicate and coordinate gene expression based on population density (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main barrier to using interleukin-10 (IL-10) in therapy?

Stomach acid destroys IL-10 before it reaches the intestines (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why are engineered bacteria considered a possible alternative to deliver IL-10 treatments?

They can survive the stomach and temporarily grow in the bowel (C) Signup and view all the answers

What has been the impact of IL-10 engineered bacteria in tested mouse models?

They were effective at treating irritable bowel disease (IBD) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for engineering Lactococcus lactis to secrete human IL-10?

To develop an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases (B) Signup and view all the answers