16 Questions
What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide?
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base
Which nitrogen base is found in DNA but not in RNA?
Thymine
How do the nitrogen bases pair up in DNA and RNA?
A pairs with T or U, G pairs with C
What does the nucleotide sequence of DNA encode?
The information that cells need to survive
What can the stop codon UGA encode under specific circumstances?
A nonstandard amino acid called selenocysteine
Where does translation start in eukaryotes?
In the cytoplasm
Which condition has been associated with mutations or deficiencies in proteins containing selenocysteine?
Cancer
What nonstandard amino acid can be incorporated into proteins under specific circumstances using the stop codon UAG?
Pyrrolysine
What is the main difference between constitutive and facultative genes?
Constitutive genes are always expressed, while facultative genes are only expressed under certain conditions
What is the basic role of transcription factors in regulation?
Transcription factors control gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences
What are the parts of an operon and how do inducible and repressible operons differ?
Inducible operons consist of a promoter, operator, and regulatory gene; repressible operons consist of a promoter, operator, and repressor gene
How does quorum sensing enhance bacterial survival in relation to protein synthesis?
Quorum sensing enables bacterial cells to communicate and coordinate gene expression based on population density
What is the main barrier to using interleukin-10 (IL-10) in therapy?
Stomach acid destroys IL-10 before it reaches the intestines
Why are engineered bacteria considered a possible alternative to deliver IL-10 treatments?
They can survive the stomach and temporarily grow in the bowel
What has been the impact of IL-10 engineered bacteria in tested mouse models?
They were effective at treating irritable bowel disease (IBD)
What is the primary reason for engineering Lactococcus lactis to secrete human IL-10?
To develop an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases
Test your knowledge on ribosomes, translation, and the nonstandard genetically encoded amino acid selenocysteine. Learn about the unique ability of the stop codon UGA to encode this amino acid and its initial association with bacteria.
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