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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of haemolysis of foetal Rh-positive RBCs in RH isoimmunization?
What is the primary cause of haemolysis of foetal Rh-positive RBCs in RH isoimmunization?
- Passage of anti Rh antibodies from maternal to foetal circulation (correct)
- Production of anti Rh antibodies in the foetal circulation
- Production of anti Rh antibodies in the maternal circulation
- Passage of anti Rh antibodies from foetal to maternal circulation
What is the characteristic of congenital haemolytic anaemia?
What is the characteristic of congenital haemolytic anaemia?
- Anaemia develops 2 weeks after birth (correct)
- Foetal bilirubin level exceeds 20 mg%
- Hepatosplenomegaly is usually present
- Jaundice at birth
What is the primary cause of jaundice in icterus gravis neonatorum?
What is the primary cause of jaundice in icterus gravis neonatorum?
- Inability of the placenta to conjugate bilirubin
- Production of bilirubin in the foetal liver
- Inability of the foetal liver to conjugate bilirubin (correct)
- Production of bilirubin in the maternal liver
What is the characteristic of kernicterus?
What is the characteristic of kernicterus?
What is the characteristic of hydrops fetalis?
What is the characteristic of hydrops fetalis?
What is the characteristic of the placenta in hydrops fetalis?
What is the characteristic of the placenta in hydrops fetalis?
What is the characteristic of the foetus in hydrops fetalis as shown by ultrasound?
What is the characteristic of the foetus in hydrops fetalis as shown by ultrasound?
What is the fate of the newborn in hydrops fetalis?
What is the fate of the newborn in hydrops fetalis?
What is the main reason for hepatosplenomegaly in RH isoimmunization?
What is the main reason for hepatosplenomegaly in RH isoimmunization?
What is the critical level of bilirubin that can lead to kernicterus?
What is the critical level of bilirubin that can lead to kernicterus?
Why is the newborn not jaundiced at birth in icterus gravis neonatorum?
Why is the newborn not jaundiced at birth in icterus gravis neonatorum?
What is the characteristic attitude of the foetus in hydrops fetalis as seen by ultrasound?
What is the characteristic attitude of the foetus in hydrops fetalis as seen by ultrasound?
What is the primary cause of heart failure in hydrops fetalis?
What is the primary cause of heart failure in hydrops fetalis?
What is the characteristic feature of congenital haemolytic anaemia?
What is the characteristic feature of congenital haemolytic anaemia?
What is the consequence of bilirubin crossing the blood-brain barrier in RH isoimmunization?
What is the consequence of bilirubin crossing the blood-brain barrier in RH isoimmunization?
What is the characteristic feature of Erythroblastosis fetalis?
What is the characteristic feature of Erythroblastosis fetalis?
Study Notes
RH Isoimmunization
- Haemolysis of foetal Rh-positive RBCs occurs due to the passage of anti-Rh antibodies from maternal to foetal circulation in a previously sensitized pregnant woman.
Congenital Haemolytic Anaemia
- Mildest form of RH isoimmunization
- Haemolysis results in foetal anaemia that develops 2 weeks after birth
- Erythroblasts (immature nucleated RBCs) are produced due to a faster rate of erythropoiesis
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
- Commonest and moderate form of RH isoimmunization
- Baby is delivered anaemic but not jaundiced at birth
- Placenta carries on the function of conjugating foetal bilirubin
- Hepatosplenomegaly is present due to faster erythropoiesis
- Jaundice develops within 48 hours after birth due to the inability of the foetal liver to conjugate the high amount of bilirubin produced
- Kernicterus develops when foetal bilirubin level exceeds 20 mg%
- Bilirubin crosses the blood-brain barrier and becomes deposited in the basal ganglia of the brain stem, leading to a serious condition that may cause neonatal death or mental retardation
Hydrops Fetalis
- Severest form of RH isoimmunization
- Intrauterine foetal death usually occurs due to severe haemolytic anaemia leading to heart failure
- If the baby is born alive, it dies within a few hours
- Foetus shows generalized oedema, pleural effusion, and ascites due to heart failure
- Hepatosplenomegaly is present
- Placenta is large and oedematous
- Foetus shows the "Buddha" attitude (by ultrasound) due to flexion of the thighs and abdominal distension and a halo around the skull due to scalp oedema
RH Isoimmunization
- Haemolysis of foetal Rh-positive RBCs occurs due to the passage of anti-Rh antibodies from maternal to foetal circulation in a previously sensitized pregnant woman.
Congenital Haemolytic Anaemia
- Mildest form of RH isoimmunization
- Haemolysis results in foetal anaemia that develops 2 weeks after birth
- Erythroblasts (immature nucleated RBCs) are produced due to a faster rate of erythropoiesis
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
- Commonest and moderate form of RH isoimmunization
- Baby is delivered anaemic but not jaundiced at birth
- Placenta carries on the function of conjugating foetal bilirubin
- Hepatosplenomegaly is present due to faster erythropoiesis
- Jaundice develops within 48 hours after birth due to the inability of the foetal liver to conjugate the high amount of bilirubin produced
- Kernicterus develops when foetal bilirubin level exceeds 20 mg%
- Bilirubin crosses the blood-brain barrier and becomes deposited in the basal ganglia of the brain stem, leading to a serious condition that may cause neonatal death or mental retardation
Hydrops Fetalis
- Severest form of RH isoimmunization
- Intrauterine foetal death usually occurs due to severe haemolytic anaemia leading to heart failure
- If the baby is born alive, it dies within a few hours
- Foetus shows generalized oedema, pleural effusion, and ascites due to heart failure
- Hepatosplenomegaly is present
- Placenta is large and oedematous
- Foetus shows the "Buddha" attitude (by ultrasound) due to flexion of the thighs and abdominal distension and a halo around the skull due to scalp oedema
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of RH isoimmunization, congenital hemolytic anemia, and icterus gravis neonatorum, including their causes, effects, and characteristics. It is suitable for medical students and professionals.
