39 Questions
What type of antibodies are most agglutinins?
IgM
Which antigen system is considered the most important for causing transfusion reactions?
Rh factor system
How are people with the Rh factor designated in terms of their blood?
Rh-positive
What must happen for enough agglutinins to develop against the Rh factor?
Massive exposure to an Rh antigen
How many common types of Rh antigens are there?
6
Which is the most antigenic Rh antigen among the common types?
Type D
How do naturally occurring antibodies differ between ABO and Rh systems?
No naturally occurring antibodies in ABO, but they occur in Rh system
What is the significance of the A and B antigens on the surfaces of RBCs?
They cause RBC agglutination
Which blood type is classified as type O?
When neither A nor B antigens are present
Why is a person with a particular blood group unable to have antibodies of the same type in their plasma?
Due to the presence of antigens in their plasma
What causes blood transfusion reactions in individuals?
The presence of blood group antibodies
What are the two major antigen systems likely to cause blood transfusion reactions?
O-A-B system and Rh system
When is blood type classified as type A?
When only the A antigen is present
What happens when both A and B antigens are present on RBC surfaces?
The blood type is classified as AB
What does it mean if a person has antibody against an antigen present on their own RBCs?
They will experience complications upon transfusion
What happens when RBCs containing Rh factor are injected into an Rh-negative person?
Delayed transfusion reaction
In which scenario does erythroblastosis fetalis occur?
When the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive
Why does an Rh-negative mother usually not harm her first Rh-positive child?
Due to the mother not developing enough anti-Rh agglutinins
What causes agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus's RBCs in erythroblastosis fetalis?
Presence of anti-Rh agglutinins in the mother
What happens with multiple exposures to the Rh factor in an Rh-negative person?
Sensitivity to Rh factor increases
Which parent carries the risk of developing anti-Rh agglutinins in erythroblastosis fetalis?
The mother
What characterizes erythroblastosis fetalis?
Agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus’s RBCs
What is the outcome if an Rh-negative person has repeated exposure to the Rh factor?
Increased risk of immediate transfusion reaction
What is the consequence of precipitation of bilirubin in neuronal cells?
All of the above
What is the purpose of administering Rh immunoglobulin (anti-D antibody) to expectant mothers?
To prevent sensitization of the mother
How does the anti-D antibody prevent the development of large amounts of D antibodies in the expectant mother?
By inhibiting antibody production
What happens to fetal Rh-positive RBCs that come in contact with the administered anti-D antibody?
They have their D antigen sites occupied
In treating erythroblastosis fetalis, what blood type is typically used for replacement of the neonate's blood?
Rh-negative blood
When should administration of Rh immunoglobulin begin in expectant mothers?
At 28-30 weeks of gestation
What is the primary goal of treating neonates with erythroblastosis fetalis?
To replace the neonate's blood with compatible blood
How does administration of Rh immunoglobulin help in preventing sensitization of mothers to the D antigen?
By attaching to D antigen sites on fetal RBCs
What is the primary function of the liver in relation to bilirubin?
Excreting bilirubin in the bile
In what scenario does jaundice usually not appear in adults?
With normal liver function and excretion of bile pigment into the intestines
What can cause kidney failure after transfusion reactions?
Loss of circulating RBCs in the recipient
What is a major effect of renal vasoconstriction on kidney function?
Kidney shutdown
How does circulatory shock contribute to kidney failure post-transfusion reactions?
By causing a decrease in urine output
What happens when arterial blood pressure falls very low during acute renal failure?
Renal blood flow and urine output decrease
Which factor contributes to the appearance of jaundice in a person?
Toxic substances released from hemolyzing blood
What leads to powerful renal vasoconstriction during a transfusion reaction?
Antigen-antibody reactions releasing toxic substances
Test your knowledge on Rh factor sensitization and delayed transfusion reactions when Rh factor is injected into an Rh-negative person. Learn about the development of anti-Rh agglutinins and immune responses to Rh factor sensitization.
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