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What is the main advantage of using the pre-warmed technique?
What is the main advantage of using the pre-warmed technique?
What is the first antigen formed in the Lewis antigen system?
What is the first antigen formed in the Lewis antigen system?
At what age is the true Lewis phenotype typically detectable?
At what age is the true Lewis phenotype typically detectable?
Which of the following describes the genetic control of Lewis antigens?
Which of the following describes the genetic control of Lewis antigens?
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What is the expected Lewis phenotype of a newborn?
What is the expected Lewis phenotype of a newborn?
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Which statement about Lewis antigens is accurate?
Which statement about Lewis antigens is accurate?
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How can the Lewis phenotype be altered?
How can the Lewis phenotype be altered?
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Why can Lewis antigens not be used for paternity testing on infants?
Why can Lewis antigens not be used for paternity testing on infants?
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What does a phenotype expressed as 'Rh:1' indicate?
What does a phenotype expressed as 'Rh:1' indicate?
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Which of the following describes the genotype?
Which of the following describes the genotype?
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What is the primary antiserum required for routine blood typing?
What is the primary antiserum required for routine blood typing?
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Which of the following statements about the ISBT nomenclature system is true?
Which of the following statements about the ISBT nomenclature system is true?
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In the context of blood group systems, what do agglutination reactions represent?
In the context of blood group systems, what do agglutination reactions represent?
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Why can molecular testing be beneficial over traditional anti-sera methods?
Why can molecular testing be beneficial over traditional anti-sera methods?
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What percentage of the white population is likely to have the genotype 'rr'?
What percentage of the white population is likely to have the genotype 'rr'?
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What antigens are produced by the gene complex DCe on red blood cells?
What antigens are produced by the gene complex DCe on red blood cells?
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Which agglutinogen corresponds to the gene complex R1 in Fisher-Race notation?
Which agglutinogen corresponds to the gene complex R1 in Fisher-Race notation?
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What does the 'Rh1' superscript refer to in the context of the Rh system?
What does the 'Rh1' superscript refer to in the context of the Rh system?
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What is the most common D positive genotype among Caucasians?
What is the most common D positive genotype among Caucasians?
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Which of the following statements about Weiner's hypothesis is true?
Which of the following statements about Weiner's hypothesis is true?
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Which statement correctly reflects the importance of the Fisher-Race and Wiener systems?
Which statement correctly reflects the importance of the Fisher-Race and Wiener systems?
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What does the allele 'rr' most commonly signify in terms of Rh status?
What does the allele 'rr' most commonly signify in terms of Rh status?
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What is the main focus of Rosenfield's proposed nomenclature introduced in 1962?
What is the main focus of Rosenfield's proposed nomenclature introduced in 1962?
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What may happen if a patient is transfused with D positive red cells?
What may happen if a patient is transfused with D positive red cells?
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Why is it standard practice to transfuse with D negative red cells?
Why is it standard practice to transfuse with D negative red cells?
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What are compound antigens?
What are compound antigens?
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Which of the following statements about weak D testing is true?
Which of the following statements about weak D testing is true?
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Which antigens can f antigens be formed from?
Which antigens can f antigens be formed from?
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What is the likelihood of encountering antibodies against compound antigens?
What is the likelihood of encountering antibodies against compound antigens?
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What is a notable characteristic of anti-G antibodies?
What is a notable characteristic of anti-G antibodies?
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In which scenario would D deletion be likely detected in individuals?
In which scenario would D deletion be likely detected in individuals?
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What is the clinical significance of the D antigen in transfusion practice?
What is the clinical significance of the D antigen in transfusion practice?
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How does the inheritance of the Rh genes occur according to the Fisher-Race theory?
How does the inheritance of the Rh genes occur according to the Fisher-Race theory?
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What happens when a D negative individual receives a D positive blood transfusion?
What happens when a D negative individual receives a D positive blood transfusion?
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What is the current understanding of the genes responsible for encoding Rh antigens?
What is the current understanding of the genes responsible for encoding Rh antigens?
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Which statement about the Fisher-Race nomenclature is correct?
Which statement about the Fisher-Race nomenclature is correct?
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What kind of immune response is expected from D negative individuals after exposure to D positive blood?
What kind of immune response is expected from D negative individuals after exposure to D positive blood?
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Why is it important to perform testing for D antigen in blood transfusions?
Why is it important to perform testing for D antigen in blood transfusions?
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What characteristic of the d gene is emphasized in the context of Rh antigen inheritance?
What characteristic of the d gene is emphasized in the context of Rh antigen inheritance?
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What is a characteristic of Lewis antibodies in relation to in-vivo hemolysis?
What is a characteristic of Lewis antibodies in relation to in-vivo hemolysis?
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How can Lewis antibodies be neutralized in vitro?
How can Lewis antibodies be neutralized in vitro?
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What is true regarding the P blood group?
What is true regarding the P blood group?
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Which statement regarding Kell antibodies is correct?
Which statement regarding Kell antibodies is correct?
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What role does complement play in relation to antibodies at 37°C?
What role does complement play in relation to antibodies at 37°C?
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Why are Lewis antibodies not implicated in Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?
Why are Lewis antibodies not implicated in Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?
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What happens to transfused RBCs with Lewis antigens?
What happens to transfused RBCs with Lewis antigens?
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What is the immunogenicity of the K antigen in the Kell blood group system?
What is the immunogenicity of the K antigen in the Kell blood group system?
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Study Notes
Rh Blood Group System
- Rh is the most important blood group system after ABO in transfusion medicine.
- It's one of the most complex blood group systems with over 50 different Rh antigens.
- Rh system terms "D positive" and "D negative" refer to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen D on red blood cells.
- Early names like "Rho" are less common.
- The D antigen is present on red blood cells, but not platelets, white blood cells, or tissue cells.
- There are four additional antigens C, c, E, and e, named after the letters of the alphabet following the precedence set for A and B blood groups.
- Major alleles are C/c and E/e.
- Many variations and combinations of the 5 principle genes and antigens may exist.
- Rh antibodies are often caused by transfusions or pregnancy, these are immune responses.
- Mid-1940s, four more antigens were identified (C, c, E, e).
- Approximately 50 Rh antigens are currently described.
- Antigen "d" doesn't exist (amorph).
- C antigen is present in 70% of the population.
- c antigen is present in 80% of the population.
- E antigen is present in 30% of the population.
- e antigen is present in 98% of the population.
- In 1939, Levine and Stetson made a key observation regarding stillborn fetuses and adverse reactions in mothers following blood transfusions. This was later linked to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.
- Erythroblastosis fetalis, a serious condition with jaundice and fetal death is linked to the Rh system identified in 1940 and further studied by Levine in 1941. Animals like rhesus monkeys were used in this study.
Antibody Agglutination
- Antibody agglutinates 100% of rhesus and 85% of human red blood cells
- Later, antigens detected by rhesus and human antibody were confirmed to be distinct.
- The D antigen is the most significant RBC antigen in transfusion medicine.
- Individuals with the D antigen will not have anti-D.
- Anti-D antibody production is a response to D antigen exposure in the recipient through transfusions or pregnancy.
Inheritance and Nomenclature
- Two systems for nomenclature existed before molecular genetics advances.
- These systems reflect serologic observations and inheritance patterns observed in family studies.
- Fisher-Race CDE terminology was suggested, but three pairs of genes are not correctly linked.
- Current theory suggests two closely linked genes for RhD and RhCE
- Each gene contains D or d, C or c, E or e.
- The order is supposedly DCE, but often written as CDE.
- These are inherited in linked sets called haplotypes, where d is present only in the absence of D.
- Three loci linked for Rh genes, they're inherited together.
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Description
This quiz explores the complexities of the Rh blood group system, which is crucial in transfusion medicine. Learn about the various Rh antigens, including D, C, c, E, and e, and their significance in blood type compatibility. Delve into the immune responses triggered by Rh antibodies and the historical context of this blood group system.
