Blood Transfusion Matching Criteria

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Questions and Answers

What is the antigen present on the RBC surface that determines the blood group?

Group AB antigen

Group A antigen (correct)

Group O antigen

Group B antigen

In the ABO blood group system, which antibody is NEVER FOUND in an individual's serum?

Anti-A and Anti-B in blood group AB

Anti-A in blood group A

No antibodies in blood group O (correct)

Anti-B in blood group B

When considering reverse blood typing, what is used to detect ABO antibodies in a patient's serum?

Commercial anti-sera

Known reagent RBC's (correct)

Patient's red cells

Known RBC antigens

Which of the following blood groups is associated with having both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies in the serum?

Group AB Signup and view all the answers

In neonatal transfusion, which ABO blood group selection is generally considered safe for transfusion to any recipient?

Group O Signup and view all the answers

For emergency transfusions when the recipient's blood type is unknown, which ABO blood group should be considered universal donors?

Group O Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important consideration for selecting donor units for transfusion?

Recipient's ABO group Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood units should Rh-negative recipients receive to avoid sensitization to the D antigen?

Rh-negative RBC Signup and view all the answers

In which situation can Group O Rh-negative blood be given in emergency cases?

When crossmatching cannot be done Signup and view all the answers

What is the component of choice for neonatal transfusion?

Group O Rh-negative RBC Signup and view all the answers

When may Rh-negative recipients receive Rh-positive RBC units?

When anti-D is present in the recipient Signup and view all the answers

What is the second most important consideration after the ABO group for selecting donor units?

Recipient's Rh type Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which particulate antigens such as cells aggregate to form large complexes when a specific antibody is present?

Lattice formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can affect agglutination reactions involving RBC antigens and antibodies?

Antigen-antibody ratio Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the first human blood group system?

Karl Landsteiner Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group was discovered by Sturle and Von Descatello in 1902?

Group AB Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of agglutination involves antigen binding to the antibody without visible agglutination?

Sensitization Signup and view all the answers

What did Karl Landsteiner discover in 1901 through blood typing on himself and his subordinates?

The ABO Blood Group System Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Selection of Appropriate Units

The ABO group of the recipient is the most important consideration for selecting donor units for transfusion.
Donor units should be the same ABO group as the recipient, but if not possible, they must be compatible with the recipient's serum and must be given as packed RBC.
Rh-positive recipients may receive either Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood units.
Rh-negative recipients should only receive Rh-negative RBC, to avoid being sensitized to the D antigen.
Group O negative RBC is the component of choice for neonatal transfusion.
In emergency cases, if uncrossmatched blood is to be released, a Group O Rh-negative blood can be given, but compatibility testing should be performed as soon as possible.

Crossmatching

A crossmatch is an antibody test on the serum of the patient using red cells of the donor as the test cell.
Antibodies in the serum of the patient have different specificities, which are detected under a variety of different conditions.

ABO Blood Group System

The ABO blood group system has four main groups: A, B, AB, and O.
The antigen is present on the RBC surface and determines the blood group/type.
The corresponding antibody is never found in the individual's serum.
Naturally occurring antibodies are always present in the individual's serum.
The percentage of naturally occurring antibodies in the American population is:
- Anti-A: 40%
- Anti-B: 10%
- Anti-A and Anti-B: 45%
- None: 5%

Forward and Reverse Grouping/Typing

Forward blood typing uses known sources of commercial anti-sera (anti-A, anti-B) to detect antigens on a patient's RBC.
Reverse blood typing detects ABO antibodies in the patient's serum by using known reagent RBC's (A and B cells).

Inheritance of the ABO Blood Group System

The theory for the inheritance of the ABO blood groups was first described by Bernstein in 1924.
The genes that code for the ABO blood type are located in the terminal portion of Chromosome 9.
Each gene occupies a specific location on the chromosome called a locus.
Each locus may have several different forms of genes, known as alleles.
The genotype refers to the actual notation of the actual genes inherited from the parents.

Detection of RBC-Antigen Antibody Reactions

Agglutination is the process by which particulate antigens such as cells aggregate to form large complexes when a specific antibody is present.
Agglutination has two phases: sensitization and lattice-formation.
Other types of agglutination reactions include:
- Direct agglutination
- Passive agglutination
- Reverse passive agglutination
- Coagglutination
- Agglutination inhibition
- Hemagglutination inhibition
- Antiglobulin-mediated agglutination

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Description

Learn about the selection criteria for donor blood units in transfusion based on the recipient's ABO and Rh group. Understand the importance of matching ABO groups and Rh types to ensure compatibility and reduce risks.